Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Gender Equality Essays - Gender, Social Constructionism, Free Essays
Gender Equality Essays - Gender, Social Constructionism, Free Essays Gender Equality Tyrone Cloyd Baltimore, MD Gender equality has been a social concern since man step foot on earth. When we think of gender equality discrimination against women is what comes to mind, but in recent years psychologist and sociologist have began to study how men are discriminated against. It is considered general knowledge that men still make more money a year then women, and it is true that men hold most of the position of power in society. Recent studies have concluded that there is an aspect of society that discriminates against men. This aspect of society is deeply rooted in the American culture, and it is hard to name, to discuses, and to study. Gender roles for men, then are viewed not as biological givens, but as social constructions created from the expectations of social forces such as parents, teachers, peers, and the media about what constitute masculinity (Pleck, 1995) Mahalik 1998}. Men are socialized to believe in the importance of success, power, and competitiveness. Because the male socialization experience is theorized to create negative feelings such as anxiety and shame related to all things feminine, the development of rigid traditional male roles, or male gender role conflict (ONeil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986) Mahalik 1998}. Looking at male emotional socialization from the framework of the gender role strain paradigm, many boys are required to block their feelings and restrict the expression of their vulnerable and caring emotions (Levant) Mahalik 1998}. Because of this, a man experiences any particular facet of self that he considers feminine with great conflict and anxiety, because he believes it threatens his manhood (Mahalik, Cournoyer, Defranc, Cherry, and Napolitano 1998). As a result of this fear of femininity, men are believed to over conform to traditional male roles as a coping strategy to avoid femininity (Pleck, 1995) Mahalik 1998}. Men are taught to use their roles prescribed by society as a psychological defense. When a man is confronted with an situation instead of dealing with the problem, men tend to fall back on the stereotypical masculine gender roles. Men hold their emotions inside and although they may not be immediately affected our health and well - being suffers in the long run. The improper socialization of males in American society affects all demographics of society. It affects men across socio - economic classes, and races and cultures. Improper socialization of males is an interesting topic to research and study because it affects the entire male population and it is going to take society as a whole working together to correct the problem. One way to began changing how males are socialized is to make the population aware of the psychological effects gender role conflicts. In mental health institutions, at hospitals, and colleges and universities there is an array of journals, pathlets, and articles written about how women are discriminated and socialized. With the new millennium approaching the effects of male socialization needs to be an equally important issue on the public policy agenda. More research needs to be done and published so that the message can spread throughout the country and the scholarly community. For background information two articles from the Journal of Counseling Psychology will be discus. The first, Mens Gender Role Conflict and Use of Psychological Defenses by James R. Mahilik, Robert J. Cournoyer, William DeFranc, Marcus Cherry, and Jeffrey M. Napolitano examines the way males are socialized and the way that their socialization affects how they respond in anxious situations. Specifically, the researchers are trying to determine if there is a relationship between stereotypical macho male roles and psychological defense mechanisms. There were one hundred and fifteen participants in this study. All participants in this study were males. Some of the participants were college students, others were from various clubs and organizations, and others were from church groups. The average age of the participants was 26.45 years. The participants were from a variety of cultural backgrounds, but the vast majority were white. The participants were first asked to complete the Gender Role Conflict Scale. This scale measures success, power, and competition; restrictive emotionality; restrictive affectionate behavior between men; and conflicts between work and family relations. The Defense Mechanism Inventory was used to measure the use of
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Great White Sharks
Great White Sharks The white shark, commonly called the great white shark, is one of the most iconic and feared creatures of the ocean. With its razor-sharp teeth and menacing appearance, it certainly looks dangerous. But the more we learn about this creature, the more we learn they are not indiscriminate predators, and definitely dont prefer humans as prey. Great White Shark Identification Great white sharks are relatively large, although likely not as large as they might be in our imagination. The largest shark species is a plankton eater, the whale shark. Great whites average about 10-15 feet in length, and their maximum size is estimated at a length of 20 feet and weight of 4,200 pounds. Females are generally larger than males. They have a stout body, black eyes, a steel gray back, and a white underside. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesSubclass: ElasmobranchiiOrder: LamniformesFamily: LamnidaeGenus: CarcharodonSpecies: Carcharias Habitat Great white sharks are widely distributed across the worlds oceans. This shark resides mostly in temperate waters in the pelagic zone. They can range to depths over 775 feet. They may patrol coastal areas inhabited by pinnipeds. Feeding The white shark is an active predator, and primarily eats marine mammals such as pinnipeds and toothed whales. They also sometimes eat sea turtles. The great whites predatory behavior is poorly understood, but scientists are beginning to learn more about their curious nature. When a shark is presented with an unfamiliar object, it will attack it to determine if it is a potential food source, often using the technique of a surprise attack from below. If the object is determined unpalatable (which is usually the case when a great white bites a human), the shark releases the prey and determines not to eat it. This is evidenced by seabirds and sea otters with wounds from white shark encounters. Reproduction White sharks give birth to live young, making white sharks viviparous. The embryos hatch in uteri and are nourished by eating unfertilized eggs. They are 47-59 inches at birth. There is much more to learn about this sharks reproduction. Gestation is estimated at about one year, although its exact length is unknown, and the average litter size of a white shark is also unknown. Shark Attacks While great white shark attacks arent a big threat to humans in the grand scheme of things (youre more likely to die from a lightning strike, alligator attack, or on a bicycle than from a great white shark attack), white sharks are the number one species identified in unprovoked shark attacks, a statistic that doesnt do much for their reputation. This is more likely because of their investigation of potential prey than a desire to eat humans. Sharks prefer fatty prey with lots of blubber, like seals and whales, and dont generally like us; we have too much muscle! See the Florida Museum of Icthyologys Relative Risk of Shark Attacks to Humans site for more information on how likely you are to be attacked by a shark versus other dangers. That said, nobody wants to be attacked by a shark. So if youre in an area where sharks may be seen, reduce your risk by following these shark attack tips. Conservation The white shark is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because they tend to reproduce slowly and are vulnerable to targeted white shark fisheries and as bycatch in other fisheries. Because of their fierce reputation gained from Hollywood movies such as Jaws, there is an illicit trade in white shark products such as jaws and teeth.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 21
Psychology - Essay Example The potential of machines were thought to be able to eventually encompass â€Å"an inductive and creative mind, capable of taking initiative, to which human beings could confide all their problems and obtain instant solutions in return†(Ifrah, 1997: 1679). This misconception in the early days of the computer has carried over even to today. This discussion examines the functions of the human brain in addition to the meaning of knowledge and the limitations of machines as compared to the human mind. Mechanical computers, unlike the functions of the computer-like brain do not have the capability to determine right from wrong nor can they make judgments, have no feelings and cannot think on their own. Computers cannot reason, imagine, invent, create, express thoughts, manage ideas, make judgments or possess the ability to adapt to differing situations and therefore cannot solve problems that are new to them. Unlike the human brain, computers aren’t conscious of their own being, have no concept of the world around them and cannot execute voluntary activities (Ifrah, 1997: 1616). Because machines are only able to follow directives, they do not possess the capability to be self-aware. If it is accepted that computers do not and will never become aware of their own being, then it is reasonable to ask what enables the human’s biological machine to attain consciousness while the silicon-based computerized ‘brain’ cannot. Possibly, the answer to this question is the fact that the structure of the human brain is self-organizing. It responds to the individual characteristics and the independent nature of interactions between itself and the particular environment. However other natural, biological systems such as many types of simple ‘animals’ and all plant life encompass a multifaceted, self-organizing interrelationship within its inner mechanism yet are also not aware of themselves. This indicates that though
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Names are rigid designators so the description theory of names is Essay
Names are rigid designators so the description theory of names is wrong - Essay Example Some of the contributors to the development of this theory' is attributed to Kripke, Putnam and Wettstein. According to Kripke, proper names and definite descriptions are designators. That is, in every possible world they designate the same object. Kripke distinguishes the meaning of a designator and the way its reference is determined. Then he puts forth his causal theory of naming: initially, the reference of a name is fixed by some operation such as description then the name is passed from link to link. A name is not identified by a set of unique properties satisfied by the referent: the speaker may have erroneous beliefs about those properties or they may not be unique. The name is passed to the speaker by tradition from link to link. Kripke rejects the view that either proper or common nouns are associated with properties that serve to select what they are referring to. Both proper and common names have a referent. The property cannot determine the reference as the object might not have that property in all worlds. For example, gold might not be yellow in all worlds. Kripke's causal theory of names assumes that names are linked to their referents through a casual chain. A term applies directly to an object via a connection that was set in place by the initial naming of the object. A nonrigid designator is a term that changes its referent across possible worlds. The Nature of Names Consider, for example, a Biology class out on a field trip. Walking in the woods, the professor asks the students to identify the plants that they encounter. A student is asked to identify a plant. Seeing that the plant has thorns, has red flowers that are well known to be a symbol of love and lives in the wilderness, the student names the plant as a Wild Rose. Thus, the naming was based on descriptions that were learned and passed on to the student. Can we therefore say that naming, specifically proper names, are based on descriptions That is, is the Old Theory essentially correct In this paper we, argue that naming is not essentially descriptive but is actually an exercise of designating rigidly. Nevertheless, in this paper, we also argue that naming does have some degree of descriptive being. Naming Without Conceptualization In this philosophical argument, we find that there is a need to use real world examples to do away with the abstractions and complications that a discussion such as this would entail. The unifying string of this paper's argument is that a person could refer to an object by indicating its name without actually knowing the descriptions of the object that he doesn't have a concept of - no knowledge of any descriptions or whatsoever that may give the person naming an idea of the object/person being named. It would then follow that it is possible to name an object without substantial conceptualization. If it is possible to name objects without such conceptualization, then a theory of the meaning of names should not be secluded to such elements. Note that we use the word secluded. By conceptualization,
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Life Transitions Counseling Essay Example for Free
Life Transitions Counseling Essay A detailed and very interesting research about the problems of classifying, analyzing and coping with life transitions in our life, was written by Lawrence Brammer, Ph.D., who is Professor Emeritus of Counselor Education at the University of Washington in Seattle. This work was published by the Educational Resource Information Center.            In his research L. Brammer introduces the concept of life transitions and presents the most common types of such transitions. After that he addresses to three theoretical models of life transitions, which are supported by tips on counseling them. And in the end of the article the author presents some attitudes and skills necessary for successful coping with changes and life transitions.            The author defines transition as a sudden and fundamental life change, which brings certain disconnection with the past. He classifies the transitions as positive and negative (painful and tragic) in respect to human reaction, as voluntary and involuntary by human factor of the cause, and as on-time and off-time transitions by expectations. Also, he defines developmental, social and political changes among the transitions.            According to this research, there are three ways of human perception of life transitions. These approaches are based on the developments of other specialists in this field. The first approach was suggested by Bridges (1980), who offered using metaphors from classic literature when describing life transitions.  Counseling approach in such case can be focused on encouraging people to look for some meaningful metaphors when managing with their life transitions.            The second concept is called Social Interaction Model, which was created by Schlossberg (1984). This specialist offers to consider social and personal characteristics of an individual when coping with life transitions, like age, maturity, sensibility to stresses, etc. According to this model, the counseling approach will concentrate on analyzing the impact of transition on the person and looking for the inner and outer resources, which would help the person to cope with the situation.             The third model is called Predictable Overlapping Stages, which was created by the author himself, using the works of Kubler-Ross, Parkes and Hopson. This model presents the development of human perception of hard life transitions, like sudden death of a close person, etc. The author states that there are some stages, which any person experiences when coping with a hard life transition. Firstly, there are initial feelings of confusion, discomfort and shock, followed by the stages of denial and fantasy, then very long process of mood stabilization comes, which is accompanied with depressions, mood disorders, and then one or another level or recovery comes. Counseling in this case is also focused on determination, on which stage the person is now.            In the end of the research there are some concepts about coping attitude and skills, which are mostly based on the developments in psychological literature. The author states that coping with life transitions is self-initiated problem solving, which requires development of proper and satisfactory coping resource. Also, the author offers some directions, which can be effective for creating the concept of recovery when coping with life transitions. Those are: creating support networks, cognitive reframing, analyzing personal stress responses, etc.            This research is very constructive and useful; it reveals some interesting theoretical information about view on life transitions and the ways of coping with them. The author suggests studying the problem more thoroughly, and in the conclusion he directs the readers into the most important field of studying life transitions: learning more about particular human personalities, about ourselves and our surrounding.            Maybe the only disadvantage of this research is the absence of more practical information on coping with life transitions. Other numerous researches introduce mental (acknowledging the problem, looking for some positive sides, fighting with anxiety and depressions, etc.) and physical (doing exercises, interacting with other people, paying attention on nutrition, etc) tips, which can be very helpful in our daily activity when managing with transitions. Besides, the majority of life transitions is connected with stresses, so coping with life transitions frequently becomes coping with stress. It is also important point, which had to receive more attention from the author of this research. But in any way, the work of Laurence Brammer is very useful, especially for students and specialists, who are interested in studying the perception of life transitions and stresses by human psychology. Bibliography:  ·Ã‚        Brammer, L. M. (2001). Coping with Life Transitions. Educational Resourse Information Center. ERIC Digest. ED350527. Retrieved December 1, 2005, from http://www.mental-health-matters.com/articles/article.php?artID=399.
Friday, November 15, 2019
Stand By Me :: Drama
Stand By Me Stand by me was the first topic we studied this term we were put into groups of six to create a short play based on the 70s film stand by me based on Stephen King's Short story "The Body", "Stand By Me" tells the tale of Gordie Lachance, a writer who looks back on his preteen days when he and three close friends went on their own adventure to find the body of a kid their age who had gone missing and presumed dead. The stakes are upped when the bad kids in town are closely tailing - and it becomes a race to see who'll be able to recover the body first. We were given 30 minutes to gather an idea in our groups about a group of friends who want to go on an adventure. We all were hot seated in our groups as our characters. We created a still image of the characters before the adventure and our play was based on a series of 6 still images. We all put our ideas in and produced a 10minute production. In our productions we used a number of dramatic devices such as monologues, still images, dramatic irony and split scenes. Character Profiles Paul- Is 12 he lives at home with his mum and dad and 5 siblings. Paul is the loud member of the group who always wants to fight and show off he is really looking forward to the adventure. Scott- ====== Is 11 he lives at home with his mum and dad and 5 siblings one of which is Paul. Scott is quietest boy in the group Scott doesn’t want to go on the adventure he is very nervous but tries to act brave in front of the rest of the group. Lauren- ======= Is 11 she lives with her mum and dad and is an only child. Lauren is the girly girl of the group she likes to be centre of attention and wants everyone to like her. She is looking at the adventure more like a holiday and planning how many outfits she should take. Amy- ==== Is 13 and in foster care she is the Tomboy in the group she is very boisterous and always wants to be with the boys she doesn’t get on very well with Lauren. She is excited about going on the adventure. Jack- Is 12 he lives with his grandma and granddad he is the leader of the
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars represent a historical period in Greece. Why are these wars so important? Why did it occur in the first place? Which countries are involved, and why? Moreover, what were the political, social, cultural and economic conditions of Greece back then? The Balkan Wars consists of two battles that occurred from 1912 to 1913 (Papacosma 38). These wars were fought on the onset of the apparent decline of the Ottoman Empire, and were founded on the neighboring countries’ desire to divide the territories (Perry 487). In 1908, a group called the â€Å"Young Turks,†revolted in an effort to restore the empire, but to no avail (Perry 487). After the revolt, Bulgaria and Serbia both wanted to acquire a part in the Turkish territories in Europe, like Macedonia (Papacosma 38). Thus, both countries agreed to a â€Å"treaty of mutual assistance†on March 13, 1912 (Papacosma 38). On May 29, 1912, Greece made an agreement with Bulgaria (Papacosma 38). In the latter part September of the same year, Montenegro also had an agreement with Bulgaria and Serbia (Papacosma 38). Thus, the Balkan League was formed; it consisted of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. The first Balkan War occurred when the Balkan League waged war on Turkey on October 8, 1912 (Papacosma 38). The Balkan League was successful in their endeavor, and the Ottoman Empire was forced to surrender its European territories to the Balkan League on the grounds of the Treaty of London (Papacosma 38). This treaty was signed on May 30, 1913 (Papacosma 38). Unfortunately, the division of the territories caused disagreement among the Balkan League (Perry 487). This disagreement was the reason for the second Balkan War. Bulgaria objected Greece and Serbia’s claims to Macedonia (Papacosma 38). On June 30, 1913, Bulgaria attacked its former allies (Papacosma 38). Soon after, Romania and Turkey joined forces with Greece and Serbia to fight Bulgaria (Papacosma 38). Bulgaria was badly defeated, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Bucharest, which removed all of Bulgaria’s newly acquired territories (Papacosma 38). The overall condition of Greece during the period of the Balkan Wars was problematic. It was King George who governed Greece at that time, and as a result of the war, Thessaloniki became a Greek territory (Barrett). In March 1913, it was in Thessaloniki where King George was assassinated (Barrett). Constantine I assumed the throne soon after (Barrett). Then there was the presence of Eleftherios Venizelos, who became prime minister three years prior (Barrett). Venizelos had many supporters, but it did not include the king (Barrett). Venizelos resigned on June 1913, and was elected again only to be forced to resign on October (Barrett). In Thessaloniki, Venizelos formed a â€Å"provisional government of the New Hellas†(Barrett). Meanwhile, King Constantine's government was attacked by the French and British because they want Greece to join the war (Barrett). This forced the king to leave Greece, and was soon replaced by Alexander, the second son of George (Barrett). The beginning of the 20th century found the navy of Greece in a poor state. At that time, Greece only had three battleships and several torpedo boats (Barrett). Fortunately, there was a battleship that the Italian navy purchased, but did not use (Barrett). Greece bought the said ship, and named it after George Averof, a rich patron (Barrett). This ship was extremely helpful during the Balkan Wars (Barrett). Greek society was unstable as well. In 1912, villages were attacked and ransacked by the Turkish army (Barrett). Many Greeks were killed and properties were destroyed. The villages that were affected include those located in Didymotichon, Adrianopoli and Malgara (Barrett). Hence, amidst social distress and political instability, Greece came to war to fight the Ottoman Empire. It was indeed victorious, not only in the war, but also in improving the current state that Greece was in. Works Cited Barrett, Matt. â€Å"Venizelos and the Asia Minor Catastrophe.†History of Greece. ;http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/venizelos.htm;. Papacosma, S. Victor. â€Å"Balkan Wars.†Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. New York: Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1992. 38. Perry, Marvin. A History of the World. Revised ed. Boston Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989. Pounds, Norman. â€Å"Balkans.†Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. New York: Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1992. 38. Balkan Wars The Balkan Wars represent a historical period in Greece. Why are these wars so important? Why did it occur in the first place? Which countries are involved, and why? Moreover, what were the political, social, cultural and economic conditions of Greece back then? The Balkan Wars consists of two battles that occurred from 1912 to 1913 (Papacosma 38). These wars were fought on the onset of the apparent decline of the Ottoman Empire, and were founded on the neighboring countries’ desire to divide the territories (Perry 487). In 1908, a group called the â€Å"Young Turks,†revolted in an effort to restore the empire, but to no avail (Perry 487). After the revolt, Bulgaria and Serbia both wanted to acquire a part in the Turkish territories in Europe, like Macedonia (Papacosma 38). Thus, both countries agreed to a â€Å"treaty of mutual assistance†on March 13, 1912 (Papacosma 38). On May 29, 1912, Greece made an agreement with Bulgaria (Papacosma 38). In the latter part September of the same year, Montenegro also had an agreement with Bulgaria and Serbia (Papacosma 38). Thus, the Balkan League was formed; it consisted of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. The first Balkan War occurred when the Balkan League waged war on Turkey on October 8, 1912 (Papacosma 38). The Balkan League was successful in their endeavor, and the Ottoman Empire was forced to surrender its European territories to the Balkan League on the grounds of the Treaty of London (Papacosma 38). This treaty was signed on May 30, 1913 (Papacosma 38). Unfortunately, the division of the territories caused disagreement among the Balkan League (Perry 487). This disagreement was the reason for the second Balkan War. Bulgaria objected Greece and Serbia’s claims to Macedonia (Papacosma 38). On June 30, 1913, Bulgaria attacked its former allies (Papacosma 38). Soon after, Romania and Turkey joined forces with Greece and Serbia to fight Bulgaria (Papacosma 38). Bulgaria was badly defeated, and was forced to sign the Treaty of Bucharest, which removed all of Bulgaria’s newly acquired territories (Papacosma 38). The overall condition of Greece during the period of the Balkan Wars was problematic. It was King George who governed Greece at that time, and as a result of the war, Thessaloniki became a Greek territory (Barrett). In March 1913, it was in Thessaloniki where King George was assassinated (Barrett). Constantine I assumed the throne soon after (Barrett). Then there was the presence of Eleftherios Venizelos, who became prime minister three years prior (Barrett). Venizelos had many supporters, but it did not include the king (Barrett). Venizelos resigned on June 1913, and was elected again only to be forced to resign on October (Barrett). In Thessaloniki, Venizelos formed a â€Å"provisional government of the New Hellas†(Barrett). Meanwhile, King Constantine's government was attacked by the French and British because they want Greece to join the war (Barrett). This forced the king to leave Greece, and was soon replaced by Alexander, the second son of George (Barrett). The beginning of the 20th century found the navy of Greece in a poor state. At that time, Greece only had three battleships and several torpedo boats (Barrett). Fortunately, there was a battleship that the Italian navy purchased, but did not use (Barrett). Greece bought the said ship, and named it after George Averof, a rich patron (Barrett). This ship was extremely helpful during the Balkan Wars (Barrett). Greek society was unstable as well. In 1912, villages were attacked and ransacked by the Turkish army (Barrett). Many Greeks were killed and properties were destroyed. The villages that were affected include those located in Didymotichon, Adrianopoli and Malgara (Barrett). Hence, amidst social distress and political instability, Greece came to war to fight the Ottoman Empire. It was indeed victorious, not only in the war, but also in improving the current state that Greece was in. Works Cited Barrett, Matt. â€Å"Venizelos and the Asia Minor Catastrophe.†History of Greece. ;http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/venizelos.htm;. Papacosma, S. Victor. â€Å"Balkan Wars.†Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. New York: Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1992. 38. Perry, Marvin. A History of the World. Revised ed. Boston Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1989. Pounds, Norman. â€Å"Balkans.†Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. New York: Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1992. 38.
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