Islamic Architecture In Spain Cultural Studies Essay

Islamic Architecture In Spain Cultural Studies Essay Mean when one talk about the types and styles of architecture in parts of the globe, comes His mind quickly many pictures of the masterpieces of Muslim architecture in Andalusia They stayed there about eight centuries praise the architectural monuments, which are still .One of the biggest evidence of the greatness of their civilization in the continent of Europe. When the Muslims arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, was full of many of the effects Architecture that belong to different civilizations Romanian, some of these effects .Related posts religious and some of the post of defensive castles and forts, including those with the civilian job, theaters, bridges and so on. The dye Muslims open their cities distinctive Islamic character, and that the establishment of mosques, which are The core of the architecture of cities and expand, as the mosque becomes a center of cities over time and urban and heart beating SQ branch roads leading to the large doors City, and then branched out streets and alleys connecting the neighborhoods. Introduction: Architecture is a pot of civilization, which represents the cultural identity and synthesis, creative and aesthetic level of human beings. Able to Islamic architecture to move from a speculator in the countryside into the huts in the villages, then to the buildings and wild in the cities, carrying the features of a genuine, consistent with the requirements of rights and with the traditions and environment, and is characterized by Islamic art that there is a common unit collects so that it can identify any piece produced in Under the Islamic civilization in any country of the Islamic world. Islamic architecture are the characteristics of building used by Muslims to be the identity of them, Architecture arise because of Islam and in areas where it arrived as a Sham and the Maghreb, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, etc. In addition to the areas that had been ruled for long periods, such as al-Andalus (Spain now) and India. Affected by the properties of Islamic architecture and its characteristics significantly the Islamic religion and scientific renaissance that followed and differ from one region to another depending on the weather and the architectural and cultural legacy of the former in the region As well as see the evolution of form and function over time and changing political circumstances and living conditions and cultural rights of the population. In this study we know how Islam has a great affect on architecture in many countries as Spain, and see some examples of buildings that have effected by Islam, so, we will know the answer of our question which is how Islam affect architecture in Spain did? 2. Review of literature: Islamic architecture is a homogeneous architecture: According to (Sani , Rafooneh ,2009) Islamic architecture is a homogeneous architecture. Architecture as a method and a school of thought preferred to be in harmony with nature and the environment without deduct any of it but on the contrary, with homogeneous components and complete harmony and balance. The early architectural thinking in humans is limited in the tradition, especially from the connotations surrounding environment or environmental factors, especially organic ones, such as simulation of the structure of the structural skeleton, or even simulates the animals when they work their homes and nests. Aristotle is considered that the reason for the emergence of art due to the existence of instinct of the human simulation, which has a social function which serves the convenience and entertainment. Andalusia impact of different scientific, architectural, artistic, durable radiation center of Islamic civilization since it strengthened the roots of Islamic rule, in particular, in the era of home by Prince Abd-Al- Rahman, who devoted his life to building an Islamic state in Andalusia. In his architecture began groping in religious buildings and civil rights. And is still in Spain to this day are vivid reminders of the sincerity of that movements major building and construction. The architectural and decorative elements make up the first seeds of Andalusian art, so I took a shine decoration in the Levant and Morocco, but also influenced the decoration of the nearby Christian. There is no doubt that the era of this architectural breakthrough recovered from such of the finest examples of Islamic architecture in the world but the middle Ages. Architecture is known to be a Great Spirit and represents the story of life. Islamic architecture is a creative spirit that changed from generation to another during the time depending on the tradition of time that they live So architecture I know to be a Great Spirit. Which from generation to generation, from age to age, proceeds, persists, creates, according to the nature of man, and his circumstances as they change. That is really architectureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lloyd Wright, In Brooks Pfeiffer Nordland 1988:7) Islamic architecture can tell us a story about life, some of architects use in their design stories from life, some use stories of our messenger and how he suffered a lot to spread Islam. We have developed the first architectural designs inspired by the designs that were prevalent in the land of Islam, which lasted an important landmark which inspired the artist in the Islamic era. This artist who became Muslim or stayed the religion, had been transferred traditions of architecture prevalent before Islam to Islamic architecture, and he himself had made before and after Islam, the role of architecture and the originator, or is the heir direct to the traditions of architecture, as Arabs were not Muslims conquistadores brought with them the foundations for Islamic architecture, it is of Islamic thought which grew and spread among the people after a century ago, was the basis for the concept of a new architectural, walked vigorously in the field of creativity and diversity, and has accompanied the evolution of Islamic thought, the emergence of thought beauty is in the studies of Brethren of Safa and al gahz and Twehedy and Ibn Khaldun and others. In the Orient, the Islami c Mongol Shah was the largest and its aftermath has been involved in supporting the development of thought, aesthetic, architectural creativity. Islamic architecture depends on the visual language and knowing the creation. According to (Gonzalez, Valà ©rie, 2001) There was a tradition of architectural most important traditions of Romanian and Byzantine Empire, which imposed its identity at least through the reuse of architectural elements in the temples and facilities, from the columns and capitals in the building of mosques first, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Mosque of Damascus and the Mosque of Kairouan, Mosque of Cordoba and the Mosque of villagers in Fas.   But the conditions of the prayer in the mosques were the main reason to establish the concept of Islamic architecture; different from the previous architecture, the different functions, and different ideological affiliation. Thus, the minaret emerged to replace the tower bells, and the dome appeared to be crossing the architectural logo for the vault of heaven to the faithful, and has appeared niche habitat for decorations and creativity, and covered the walls of mosques and marble mosaics to cover the ancient stone recycled. Architectural elements in the palaces and mosques are in brackets and lintels and decorations Moot, as in the palaces Heer Palace bomber and Amra, as in the Qasr al-in all stucco, which was distributed in the palaces and mosques. Architecture is a machine and should be a thoughtful process. According to (Rasdi, Mohamad,2008) The second fact of Islamic architecture is the human scale, the purpose the foundation of the architecture, is to achieve tranquility and confidence to those who hold this architecture, whether public or private. The basic principle is the rights, needs and aspirations, and from the concatenation stages without that leave him at any stage of the project, Man needs a place to achieve comfort, security and happiness within the limits of efficiency. First, creates the same room requires windows enjoy it, superintending the scene of its own away from the curiosity of others , and noise pollution, and he had a inner courtyard surrounding the rooms again, and this became the yard its where trees and herbs and flowers, where pools of water, and had to be a corner shadowed meet the occupants home to enjoy the sight of this paradise wonderful founding hall, did not have to be decoration and ornament Notes brackets, doors, ceilings and walls to emphasize the meaning of architecture on the one hand, and in order to retain memories of the beautiful scenes and decorations that are known carved on the manuscripts and objects. The nature of Islam and Islamic architecture. According to to (Rasdi, Mohamad, 2008) , When the Muslims arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, was full of many of the effects Architecture that belong to different civilizations Kaloiperep Romanian, some of these effects ØŒ Related posts Kalmabid religious, and some of the post of defensive castles and forts. Muslims open their towns distinctive Islamic character, and that the establishment of mosques, which are The core of the architecture of cities and expand, as the mosque becomes a center of cities over time And urban and heart beating SQ branch roads leading to the large doors . City, and then branched out streets and alleys connecting the neighborhoods. . And around the courtyard of the mosque built markets and bathrooms, hotels, Qayshrb. And inside Mosque hold political meetings, and distributed army brigades, taught science . Religious and general sciences. Thus we find that the mosque had a positive impact on the lives of Community, political, economic and social development. The phenomenon was followed in the ØŒ Many of the cities that would be opened or Echttha Muslims in various parts of the globe, This is the case of Damascus, Alexandria, Cordoba, Seville, Toledo and others. It was Andalusia Bmatherha various scientific and architectural, artistic, Radiation center of Islamic civilization sustainable since strengthened the roots of Islamic rule Where, particularly in the era of home by Prince Abdul Rahman, who devoted his life to building . An Islamic state in Andalusia. Fbahdh architecture began groping in Religious buildings and civil rights. And is still in Andalusia to this day are vivid reminders of the sincerity of that movements major building and construction. The architectural and decorative elements make up the first seeds of Andalusian art, even Took decoration radiate in the Levant and Morocco, but affected the decoration of Christianity .Neighbors. There is no doubt that the era of this breakthrough architecture recovered from such of the finest Examples of Islamic architecture, but the world in the middle Ages. After that period any time the emirate, and its peak an era of Prince inside followed by a series Covenants on Andalusia, and all were paying close attention to art and appearances Architecture various civic, religious and defense. And still the list since those Ù†¡ Covenants vivid evidence of architectural distinction between Prince and elsewhere, and despite the lack of this Evidence known to the integrated construction in present-day Cordoba mosque, and red ØŒ Granada, Seville, and the Lighthouse Tower and the gold, but there are a lot of effects Andalusian scattered in cities and villages of Spain. But do not exaggerate if we say that Spanish architecture in most countries of central, western and southern Iberian Peninsula is Andalusian character readily recognizable through some of the architectural elements and decorative Related Islamic origin who are destined to evolve in Spain. 3. Methodology: Approach: The research approach adopted here is influenced by some examples for Islamic buildings that found in Spain that effected by old and modern Islamic architecture. Tools of Data collection: The main instruments of investigation in this study were by reading documents, academic journals and by taking some history lessons and we can use key informant collaboration. Procedures: Studying some examples of Islamic buildings in Spain such as: The Grand Mosque in Cordoba, Spain One of the most exciting established Muslims architectural works, and there are in Cordoba in Andalusia (Spain), This mosque is situated near the Guadalquivir River, and surrounded by, and all four sides of narrow alleyways, which is recognized by historians of European architecture summit peaks of architecture the world over the ages, The definitive guide to Alomwen skill in the art of engineering and architecture. Has now shifted to the church. Shot of interior The Rusafa palace in Cordoba, Spain It is a park, beautiful successors Almarwanyen, Aptnah Abd-AL-Rahman inside at the foot of Mount Cordoba, to entertain himself, he termed the Rusafa after the analogy of Rsafa grandfather in Damascus was built to compete with its shortcomings Eastern Manifa. This was the palace forum writers and the Forum poets. Rusafa palace in Cordoba Results: The data collected found that Islam has a great effect on buildings in Spain and many countries. Found that many architects use Islamic arts in their designing buildings. Discussion: In that research paper we have found that much of the literature on Islamic architecture in Spain and its relation to the results were found take high place, and that islam have many symbols and sign that found in buildings as Islamic architecture depend on visions Conclusion : Some difficulties were faced in this paper such as lack of information about Islamic architecture in spain as building were decreased their , so, other researcher should found more examples and information in that field

Fordism and Post-Fordism: Concepts of Capitalism

Fordism and Post-Fordism: Concepts of Capitalism Understanding Dawn Dusk:  The Evolution of Capitalism from the Perspectives of Fordism and Post-Fordism. The pursuit of profit was not a science born perfect. Instead, as one technological or organizational invention after another led to ever increasing rates of incremental improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of the enterprise. These improvements either reduced the cost structure, increased the market demand or both. It was just such an ‘incremental’ improvement in the early twentieth century that led Henry Ford and his Model T to begin an era of ‘namesake’ capitalism that dominated until the 1980’s and persists even today. The methods that began the period of capitalism known as Fordism was not so much just the additional of an assembly line but rather a line that moved to the worker rather that the other way around. This technology of this method was not new, having been utilized in Chicago slaughterhouses since at least the 1890’s but it was the first time that it have been used on such a scale to consumer goods with the end effect of making the automobile affordable. Perhaps even more importantly, the application of this method to automobile production, enabled the use of additional organizational technologies to be deployed. For example, bottlenecks and other production issues could be readily identified and solved and it became possible for a smaller number of managers to ‘control’ the output of a larger group of workers (Grint, 1991, p. 294-295; Clarke, 1992, p. 17). Because of the organizational paradigm shift, these methods were quickly and successfully adopted at other companies in a many different industries. Together, changes introduced in technology and management paved the way to broader sociological changes. At the heart of these was the rise of â€Å"management† as controlling influence upon workers. While Taylorism implemented strict measures of control and efficiency to the workers, the organizational impact of Fordism harnessed individual productivity back into the firm. In some ways, practices at the Ford Motor Company were quite progressive such as his â€Å"Five Dollar Day† policy by which workers were paid for their time. While significant from a labor perspective, it also merits commented on based on the fact that this was compensation. Not just â€Å"pay† but rather compensation for becoming a cog in a wheel and a so-called ‘factor of production’ under somewhat harsh conditions. While some might consider Ford to be generous to pay his employees so a sum, others might not that it could also be viewed as a particularly shrewd means to decrease absenteeism, work interruptions, poor quality and perhaps most importantly, as a means to fend off interest in trade unionization by workers. In fact, once instituted, the results were dramatic as the following were observed, â€Å"absenteeism fell from 10% to less than 0.5% turnover fell from nearly 400% to less than 15%. productivity rose so dramatically that despite the doubling of wages and shortening of the workday production costs fell† (Clarke, 1992, pp. 20-21). With regards to organization and sociological implication, in the past, the dominant method of work was the â€Å"craftsman† who was a skilled worker and spent [his] time on creating specialized and unique projects and the family was, in a sense the primary economic unit of production (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 191). Ford needed relatively few craftsmen but rather he needed many comparatively unskilled workers that were willing to submit to Tayloristic-type management in exchange for â€Å"†¦regularly rising wages†¦ as well as general guarantees of employment security† (Freidman 2000, p. 60). The widespread employment of an emerging American middle class by a growing number of large, vertically integrated oligopolistic firms bred the beginning of mass production. With ever increasing levels of productivity as a result of newer technologies and greater organizational control, more goods were produced at even lower cost levels. Not surprisingly, in return, this bro ught about new levels of mass consumption of mass-produced products by the burgeoning ranks of the working class (Friedman, 2000, pp. 59-60). This produced a cycle that was both self-reinforcing and self-entrenching. As the system of Fordism perpetuated itself, it began to create a bit of a monster. Almost by definition, Fordism is epitomized and stereotyped by very large corporations. For example, General Motors, employing the same tactics as Ford (General Motorism does not have quite the ring to it of Fordism), became the largest corporation in world in the 1950’s to the extent that this one firm had a macroeconomic impact on the US gross national product (think of Wal-Mart today with over $250,000,000,000 in annual sales). These companies that made their profits on economies of scale on the consumption of goods that were mass-produced and mass-consumed until they hit a bit of a ‘speed bump’ in the 1970’s. These speed bumps took on the form of a number of historical events as well as growing trends. For example, the oil crisis of the 1970’s, a wheat shortage and unrest among organized labor groups in addition to a â€Å"saturation of the market in consumer dur ables† let to the beginning of the end of what had came to be known as the Fordism era. The economy-wide, these changes were greatest for the types of companies that profited most from the technological and organizational developments that created them. Thus, the changes for ‘big’ corporate America came about through the combined phenomena of changes in markets and changes in labor, ironic but fitting as the very things that made them were undoing them, or, at least, causing them to learn to re-make themselves as conditions changed (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 181). As America consumers had consumed about all they could, firms began to logically seek out new markets such as Latin America, Asia or European regions that had yet to be hardly touched with regards to US produced consumer goods. This globalization of business introduced a number of ‘new’ concepts to US firms. Perhaps most importantly, that simply selling the same widget may not be a path to profit. Interestingly enough, the corporate giant General Motors, in the now ubiquitous tale, was one of the first to discover this lesson as management noticed very disappointing sales for the Chevrolet Nova automobile south of the US border. Only later did they learn that â€Å"No va† exactly translates to â€Å"no go†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a hard but valuable lesson as America goes global. Within the borders of the US, it was not that consumers no longer wanted to make purchases, rather, they wanted new products. Listening to the market was not a strength of the Fordist system. As Henry Ford himself said in regards to the Model T, â€Å"†¦ any color you want, as long as its black†, mass production was not noted for being flexible. The idea of flexibility became central to the emergence of what has come to be known as the post-Fordism era. â€Å"Flexibility† is reflected in post-Fordism in a number of ways. In regards to employment, in an effort to cope with changes in demand, corporations began to turn to the notion of flexible employment arrangements in order to avoid the high fixed costs of maintaining a large workforce in times of low demand. This was reflected by a small, core workforce that was supplemented by subcontractors and part-time workers and, temporary workers, if needed (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 183). This is much in contrast to the masses of employees who, either through the employer or the Union, operated on the premise of life-time employment. Another means by which post-Fordism employed the concept of flexibity in employment was the introduction of ideas such as ‘cross-training’. Rather than having a one person – one specific job mantra, the new era of productivity espoused employees who were trained to do any number of tasks. This flexible functionality in production employees was adopted by companies with the idea of being able to adapt faster to changing demand and by employees in order to enrich jobs and to gain increased employment security (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 187); Grint, 1991, pp. 296-297). In addition, firms began to outsource non-core functions such as cleaning or security in order to achieve lower costs and reduce the size of bureaucracies often accompanying large companies (Friedman 2000, p. 71). Overall, the change in markets and market pressures as well as the shifts in labor strategies that began to be noticeable in the 1970’s, marked the transition of the dominance of a few oligopolistic firms from a half century reign of mass-production to the current period of ‘mass customization’. Seemingly at odds with one another, the terms â€Å"mass customization† reveal an dynamic tension that is as evident on the factory floor and is in the market place. As technologies emerged that made it possible to store and analyze large amounts of data collided with the ability to precisely control manufacturing processes, the reality of being able to cost effectively introduced customer-requested variances in the processes of production heralded the birth of mass customization. In stark contrast to a ‘one-option’ Model T, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler (the ‘Big 3’) offered a plethora of models and options ranging from color, upholstery and interior appointments, engines, transmissions and more all for largely the same cost as one ‘off the rack’. This flexibility is easily reflected by a conversation with any US person over age 25 when asked what ordering anything but a ‘stock cheeseburger’ was like in the eighties. Now, the experience is much different with Burger King even going to far as to adopt the slogan, â€Å"We do it your way.† While mass customization continues to grow and flourish, mass production is not dead by any means but continues to be redefined in ways that â€Å"modify traditional [Fordism] relationships between capital and labor† (Pietrykowski 1999, p. 194). At the heart of Fordism is the congruence between large, vertically integrated firms competing in oligopolistic markets by striving for cost efficiencies through mass production principles. In contrast, post-Fordism is a combined economy / method that makes great use of the ability to deliver relatively customized goods on a large scale by using multi-skilled workers in firm that is strives to be market-sensitive so as to be able match demand (Friedman 2000, pp. 59-60). Though in many ways Fordism and post-Fordism could be viewed as being antagonistic to one another, by understanding the progression of early management styles and the accomplishments in productivity achieved, the idea that one is the necessary precursor to the other can not be overlooked. And so, in seeking greater understand of these concepts as periods of time during which there is a changing of dominant paradigms, the analogy of â€Å"night and day† is not so appropriate as perhaps â€Å"dawn and dusk† in that they are two perspectives on the same entity of the path to profitability. Works Consulted Clarke, S. (1992). â€Å"What in the F‘s Name is Fordism†. Fordism and Flexibility. (Gilbert, N., Burrows, R., Pollert, A., eds.). St. Martins Press: New York, New York. Friedman, A. (2000). â€Å"Microregulation and Post-Fordism: Critique and Development of Regulation Theory†. New Political Economy, (5), 1, pp. 59-76. Grint, K. (1991). The Sociology of Work. Polity Press: Cambridge, UK. Pietrykowski, B. (1999, June). â€Å"Beyond the Fordist/Post-Fordist Dichotomy: Working Through The Second Industrial Divide†. Review of Social Economy, (LVII), 2, pp. 177-198.

Review Of a Lion In Winter :: essays research papers

Henry, the King of England, married Eleanor for her land; their first son died, after him, John was Henry's favorite, Richard was Eleanors favorite, but turned out to be homosexual, Geoffrey plotted against all of them with the King of France who was Richard's "friend;" Henry had an affair with Rosalyn, and Eleanor, with Richard lead a couple of civil wars against him, so Henry locked Eleanor in a tower; Henry's lover died, he bought a wife, Alice, for the son who was to be King, but had an affair with her . . . And so went life in the late 12th century. Involved in this complex arrangement there are many aspects of life during this period including: the status of women, power of the church and living conditions all of which were illustrated in The Lion in Winter. One of the most apparent things in The Lion in Winter was the role of women. At first impression they did not seem significant. Eleanor was cheated on, not an uncommon practice, and then locked in a tower to only be aloud out on holidays. Alice was bought and then became Henry's new lover, and beyond that no other women were mention. Despite all this, when looked at more closely women were important to the feudal society. A king could acquire land by conquering, or marrying the daughter who had that land in her dowry. Also in the movie Eleanor wielded more power than one would have thought, for one she and Richard had led civil wars against Henry before. Secondly because of her control of the Aquataine she exercised more power than other women of the times. Because of all this women were necessary to the feudal system, but were still not regarded as meaningful. The role of the church was influential in the movie, but not as prominent as expected. It was the church that gave the king his authority and could take it away. Henry threatened to annul his marriage with Eleanor to gain leverage to obtain the Aquatain. There was even joking about being excommunicated, again. Without the church to have marriages and settle things of that nature it probably been more chaotic than it already was. It was the church that kept reading and writing going through the Dark Ages, and also played and important role in the late 12th century. More interesting than other topics was the living conditions. Whenever reading a fairy tale, or watching a movie about castles they are always glorified as wonderful places, large and beautiful, with every luxury.

The Impact of Surveillance Technology on Privacy Essays -- Expository

The Impact of Surveillance Technology on Privacy      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   David Brin in The Transparent Society warns us of the future of privacy that is on the horizon.   With millions of cameras recording our every public move, who should have control of the information: companies and governments or we the citizens?   If we take a look at Brin's vision of our future, his solution to the problem, the role of ICTs and the Kelley Cam at IU, we can come to a conclusion that our privacy is on the line and we as citizens must act soon in order to keep our country's foundational liberties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brin's vision of our future included the choice between two lifestyles that were illustrated by two cities.   Both of the cities were based on who had the control of the cameras.   In the first city the cameras were controlled by the authorities.   In this city, Brin argues, we will loose our privacy, independence and liberty which are all valued by Americans.   Eventually, he says, it could eliminate all crime.   The new technology could allow police to solve 100% of crimes, but on the opposite side it will turn the nation into a prison.   In the second city, the cameras are controlled by anyone who wants to use them.   Brin argues that by giving everyone control of the cameras there will be a 'reciprocal transparency' in society.   Meaning that, the once powerless now have power and anyone who wants to collect information on the public must make the same information about their self publicly available.   Tho se that have been watched by someone will now have the ability to watch back.   Brin's vision of city life in the future may be an accurate presentation.   Since our need for information is growing there is no doubt that privacy is eroding.   Ã‚  ... ...d out as silhouettes in the pictures. It was fun to operate and move the camera around, and it see each other walking way down on the ground.   The camera can zoom pretty close in to see faces, and would really be the only strong ability it has to be a threat on our privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The information age has arrived, and Brin has given us a direction to take in order to protect our privacy we have always cherished.   By showing us the options between a government controlled, ?Big Brother? society to a reciprocal transparency society where everyone has access to the cameras, we can take specific actions to go in the direction that is most profitable for our privacy.   The technology will always be there, but everyone must be allowed access to it.   Clearly Brin wants to save our privacy, and the only way to fight back is to be users of the technology ourselves.   

The dam human race

The Damned Human Race Mark Twain stated that he has been studying the traits and dispositions of animals and contrasting them with that of man. Be he ashamed to report that his findings are humiliating and that the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the lower animals should be called the Descent of Man from the higher animal. Twain did many â€Å"experiments† and spent much time observing his subjects. Twain first talks about how man is ravenous. An English Earl organized a buffalo slaughter.He and his party killed 72 buffalo and only ate the meat off of part of one. He tried the same hype of experiment with an anaconda where he put seven calves into a cage with an anaconda. The anaconda only ate one and then left the rest alone. Twain thinks that this shows that the Earl is descended from the anaconda rather than the other way around and that the Earl had lost something in the transition. He also points out that people will keep accumulating money, even if they have m ore than they can spend in a lifetime.Squirrels, birds, and bees also collect things, but even when given an opportunity by twain to collect more than their winter's supply, they would not do it. This led Twain to the conclusion that people are also materialistic and miserly. His other experiments also recognized many bad human traits such as revenge, offensiveness, vulgarity, obscenity, war, slavery, Patriotism, and religion. Twain believes that the defect In humans Is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time.Twain essay can be Interpreted In many ways because of its symbolism and Irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay Is entirely truthful. Even If Twain was meaning to be Ironic I think that he made a lot of good points on the negative aspect of human emotion and life. He provides many situations that are both possible and likely to happen I think this essay Is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because It Includes both rea listic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence. This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that Is hard to Ignore.Because of this I feel that this piece Is a very strong eye opener to any people living In the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what Is going on Inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again If you are suffering from these traits then you will most likely not know because you are already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained Into your mind. By reading this I got a very good Interpretation of humans, which I have never thought about before. He dam human race By staff believes that the defect in humans is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time. Twain essay can be interpreted in many ways because of its symbolism and irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay is entirely truthful. Even if Twain was meaning to be ironic I think that he made a lot of good p oints on both possible and likely to happen I think this essay is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because it includes both realistic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence.This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that is hard to ignore. Because of this I feel that this piece is a very strong eye opener to any people living in the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what is going on inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again if already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained into your mind. By reading this I got a very good interpretation of humans, which I have never thought

A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research

The action of soft look into to kindly recognition studies has received conglomerate reviews. Some affectionate scientists subscribe wholeheartedly to the intake of soft look for as a counterpoise to the traditional numeric interrogation methodology, which has been the vogue in social science head. Other social scientists moreover chief the application of qualitative search to social science studies. Some reviewers, for example, suspicion the captureness in retrospective rating of programs of programs in organizational change (Blackler and embrown, 1983, p.349).Other reviewers of the same query argue that good qualitative evaluation entails close and continuous date with the process of change. Blacker and dark-brown leaseed qualitative query methodology in their get hold of of retrospective evaluation of programs of organizational change. They cogitate that unlike just ab come on natural science paradigms, competing paradigms should non be thought of as mutu exclusivelyy exclusive in application of qualitative explore in social science. (Blacker and brownish, ibid)Crawford call his paper Putting property in search pays How companies large and midget eudaimonia from inquiry plans. In it he discussed the advant get along withs clear uped by business enterprises in the get together States of America through both three-figure and qualitative investigate. (Crawford 2006). Dale in his study Partnering with steering to implement biotechnology in the industrial work en reliance, concluded that for implementation of any research to be effective in changing workers attitude, on that point must be effective col choreation between the detective and the centering of the industrial establishment.(Dale, 2004). Harris in his bind entitled Business to Business comes of term in qualitative research, highlights the do of modern in conditionation technology in advancing the frontier of qualitative research in business and ind ustry. It is Harriss whim that use of much(prenominal) technology as teleconferencing lead not whole ensure objectiveness in selective breeding meetion, but can allow the detective to administer his protocol to large respondents at the same time. (Harris, 1995)The intention of qualitative methodology in ergonomics is discussed by Hignett in his paper Theoretical Issues to biotechnology erudition Here, a four stage try out method of qualitative research was apply in the question of academics and wariness practitioners to gain their views on all areas of ergonomics. (Hignett and Wilson, 2004). Karami, Rowley and Analoni studied some research methodologies apply in generating fellowship for circumspection through research. They concluded that whereas introductory research was skewed in elevate of quantitative methodology, present day studies guide to favor qualitative research methods.(Karami et al 2006). McPhee utilise a qualitative research approach to his study of the organizational air of business practice in Europe. He concluded that although until recently, the pyramidical hierarchy social system was the norm in organizational textile of European companies, globalization of the world deliverance has forced many European firms to employ qualitative research in their innovation to a more democratic organizational arrangement (McPhee, 2002). Russell in his paper titled Dangerous Intersections x-rays the use of qualitative research as a tool in the campaign sponsored by an insurance company.The lick of the campaign was on awareness, education and refuge promotion within the United States. (Russell, F. 2002). Yates in his paper drew attention to the opportunities which practitioners in business communications now get to shift emphasis a stylus from quantitative methods to qualitative methodology in their research. (Yates, J. 1993). This apprise literary works review leads us to the compend of the qualitative research methodology industrious by Maximillian embrown in his harangue titled Trust, Power and throw place democracy preventative and wellness kit and boodle Councils in Oregon. Description of methodological analysisIn analyzing the qualitative research methodologies apply in The brown Dissertation dramatic aspects of all(prenominal) methodology forget be highlighted. The sum total of the evaluation of the brownness Dissertation will reflect the contributions of all the different paradigms to the overall results of the qualitative research. The succeeding(a) are the research methods employed by cook for his case studies. Preliminary contacts with employees and management in of target firms selected for his studies in the pass of 2002. Actual call into questions took place in get off 2002. Designing of research envision. Gaining access to the worksites sue of actual interrogates. Preparation for Field Work In beau monde to become well-known(prenominal) with the environment of h is research, brownish became an insider of the work stations. browned used his fragmentship of the Safety charge in his university, and participated actively in its programs in inn to gain depression elapse cultivation on the philosophy vestigial the Safety Committee surgical procedures. moreover, in order to have a comprehensive experience of the natural rubber operations in his university, he sought and noticeed permission to attend meetings of those rubber eraser subcommittees in which he was not a member.Furthermore, brown received gentility selected by the State of Oregon in preventive committee operations. By his own admission, dark-browns experiences as a member and active participant in safety committee meetings strongly warpd his research propose and the process of assumeing interviews with his unresolveds. The oral questions put to his typesetters cases were integrated along the lines of his experience as a participant rather than an outsider. Bein g an insider conferred on him certain advantages which he utilized in preparation of his research protocols.Brown was fitted to implore questions which were directed at specific areas of operation of the safety councils which an outsider might not be privy to. Brown as well as gained leverage on his subjects by organism friendshipable some their schedule of duties. More so, Browns social station of a university committee whose functions are similar to those of the subjects of his enquiry influenced his tailoring his questions to more specific subject matters which an outsider will not be aware of. Browns research protocols were gleaned from Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers book with the title What Workers requisite which was published in 1999.Furthermore, Brown had gained introductory and valuable tidy sums-on experience of the whole kit of the industries in which he was to later conduct his qualitative research. After choosing two genuinely different industries in which h e valued to conduct his research, Brown determined out to get a working knowledge of these industries. He relied heavily on tyrannical publications of the Oregon State occupational Safety and Safety Administration for source hand instruction on the industries of his choice. These publications complemented his own working experience in one of the industries musical composition filling the gaps in his knowledge of the opposite.With these preparations, Brown was thus able to formulate natural questions for his target interviewees. Brown acknowledged the unmistakable fact that an outsider cannot know as much about a pulverisation as those who work in the place. As an icing on his cake, the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) assisted Brown to select target factories applicable to his research. Visits to Target Factories Brown approached his target reference in three stages. He first do advance visits to the factories in order to get himself famili ar with the people and places where he was to conduct his research.His sign visit to separately of the two factories afforded Brown the opportunity to conduct background checks on the facilities available in the factories. Some of the background information he had former obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration website came in handy during his advance visits. From OSHA website he had obtain vital statistics about from each one(prenominal) factory. These included the number of employees in each factory, products manufactured, and the mission statement of each organization on their safety and health programs. The bordering stage of his approach was to collide with a preparatory visit to each factory.He was able to obtain a expedition of each factory. He as well used the opportunity of the preparatory visit to collect in-house documents which came in handy to him while preparing his research protocols. These documents included minutes of committee meeti ngs, training materials, and early(a) records germane to his investigations. Browns subsequent visits represented the third and last phase of his plan. This was the stage at which he conducted open-ended interviews to representatives of both management and cranch in the premises of the two factories earlier chosen. Equal numbers of representatives of application and management were interviewed.The interviews were conducted in private. The identities of those interviewed were kept confidential as per university policies on such matters. After explaining the direct of the research project to the subjects, their written fancy was individually obtained forwards the interview started. Since his project was targeted at the safety policies and practices in the selected factories, totally members of the safety committees were interviewed. The interviews which were conducted in a forego and friendly manner, employed the active interview format designed by Holstein and Gubrium.(Holst ein and Gubrium, 1995). In this interview approach, subjects were asked questions which had been prepared in form of a protocol. At the onset, subjects were asked prevalent questions pertaining to their working experiences at the factory. Subjects were also asked questions of personal interestingness to the respondents with respect to the discern central to the research This phase formed the preliminary stage as formulated by Holstein and Gubrium. The next set of questions centered on the lore of the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the program of the committee in which they were members.The subjects were asked of the perception of their fellow workers on their election or selection into the committee. This formed the overview question stage of the interview. The next stage of the interview centered on training. The respondents were asked to assess the information and relevance of the training which they received towards mental process of their duties as committee members. Questions on the sensed quality of the content of their training, the methods of dissemination of information and the net change effect of the training on the participants, concluded the set of questions on training.The next set of questions for the subjects, centered on the meetings of the committee. Subjects were asked to analyze the interpersonal relations among members of the committee, the ambiance of the meetings the procedures espouse during the meetings and the dissemination of information to members before and after each meeting. The last set of specific questions put to the subjects was on the liberty granted the committee by management, and the influence of the committee on management.They were questioned on how they communicated the decisions come throughd at their meetings to management, and the effect of their recommendations on management policies. Subjects were also asked to birth their views on the industrial strain of their work place, and specifica lly on the labor and management relations whether they were cordial, or if there were unresolved issues dividing the two parties. Finally, subjects were asked whether they entangle a sense of power by their membership of the committee. Evaluation of Browns soft inquiry methodologyThe methodologies applied by Brown in his language are specifiable and well organize. They follow the pattern of a well organized qualitative research project. Preliminary work was done in two main areas. Relevant literature was searched and the context applied as and when necessary, as per specifications in the original publication. For example, the method of interview was patterned after the universally authoritative standard procedure of Holstein and Gubrium termedActive Interviews (Holstein and Gubrium,1995).The use of Active Interviews by Brown was appropriate to the qualitative research design in his case study. A lot of preliminary work was done by Brown, in order to identify firms at which t o delight out his research study. Background studies were first carried out on these companies. Where the researcher felt that he had insufficient experience and curt knowledge and information, necessary recourse was made to authoritative state government publications on the subject of his research. Initial visits to the premises of the firms under study, were made by Brown.He got himself familiarized with both the staff and the environment of the factories where he aforethought(ip) to administer his qualitative research protocol. Those initial visits afforded him the opportunity to interact with representatives of both labor and management. The visits also afforded him the chance to obtain their approve and cooperation. Brown prepared his interview protocols in two similar sets, one for employees and the other for managements of the firms under study. The research protocols were well structured in such a way as to first put general questions to his subjects.From the responses elicited from the respondents, more specific questions relevant to the subject matter of the study were consequently put to the subjects. This pattern of questioning is in line with the Holstein and Gubium process of active interviews. Maximillian Browns success in displace his subjects at ease at this initial stage, helped him to take the interview to a slight noble and friendlier conversational atmosphere. Subsequent pieces of information obtained from the respondents were then given freely and candidly without pressure. Browns approach plainly made for more accredited and dead on target answers to the interviewers questions.With the active cooperation of the subjects, Brown was able to plumb the depths of the activities of the safety committees under study, to arrive at a more true(p) assessment of their functions, and the perceptions of members of the committee on the relevance and importance of their work on the committee. Limitations and Weaknesses of Browns qualitati ve Research methodological analysis By his own admission, Brown recognised that there are some straightforward limitations and weaknesses in the methodology he employed in the qualitative research for his speech.Three of these weaknesses, Brown identified as follows Problems of trust, accuracy in record keeping, and hardihood of subjects responses. Unless the interviewer is able to crustal plate the wall of distrust erected between him and his subject during the interview, the information gathered from the respondent will be suspect. According to McCracken, lack of trust between interviewer and respondent will recoil the interview to a mere formality. The involution required for the two parties to move from formal to informal conversational style will be inhibited.(McCracken,1988). Hence the first nonsubjective of an interviewer is to gain the trust of the interviewee. Right from the onset, the interviewer require to establish a friendly resonance with his subjects even bef ore the interview is scheduled. Brown admitted his lack of familiarity with his subjects, which made some of them to give curt and perfunctory replies to his questions. Secondly, Browns inability to import a tried means of recording his interviews made his transcripts of such interviews less than accurate.The third problem of validity of his subjects responses, Brown admits to be his most difficult. thither is no easy solution to the issue of whether a respondent is truthful, except perchance to administer a lie-detector test to each respondent before the interview, as a method of pre screening all participants. Applications of Browns Qualitative Research Methodology The research methodology of active interviews adoptive by Brown in his dissertation generated valuable in formation on the social interactions within an industrial environment.In break of its limitations and shortcomings, Browns qualitative research methodology provides a suitable and reliable template on which furth er research study can be undertaken to obtain knowledge of the interpersonal relationships within an industrial workplace. By using modern information technological innovations like teleconferencing and contradictory control recording devices, greater objectivity can be introduced into Browns qualitative research methodology. (Harris,1995).Overall, the methodology employed in Maximillian Browns dissertation can be validly adopted in qualitative research studies for dissertations and other quality academic publications. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Blackler, F. H. M. , Brown, C. A. (1983), Qualitative Research and Paradigms of Practice, Journal of Management Studies, 20(3), 349-366. 2. Crawford, A. P. (2006). Putting coin into research pays How companies large and small benefit from research plans, Public Relations Tactics, 13(8), 20-20 3. Dale, L. (2004). Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial, Work, 22(2), 117-124. 4. Freeman, Richard B., and Joel Rogers. 1999. What Workers Want. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press. French, Carroll E. 1923. The snitch Committee in the United States. Johns HopkinsUniversity Studies in History and Political Science. 41 107-207. 5. Harris, L. M. , (1995), Business-to-business comes of age in qualitative research, tradeing News, 29(12), 17-17 6. Hignett, S. , Wilson, R. (2004), The role for qualitative methodology in ergonomics a case study to explore theoretical issues, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(6), 473-493 7. Holstein, James A. , and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA keen-witted Publications8. Karami, A. , Rowley, J. , Analoui, F. (2006), Research and Knowledge construct in Management Studies An Analysis of methodological Preferences, International Journal of Management, 23(1), 436-52. 9. McCracken, Grant. 1988. The Long Interview. Newbury Park,CA SAGE Publications. 10. McPhee, N. (2002). Gaining insight on business and organisational demeanor the qualit ative dimension, International Journal of Market Research, 44(1), 53-70. 11. Russell, F. (2000). Dangerous intersections, Marketing News, 34(5), 18-18. 12. Yates, J. (1993), The Opportunity of Qualitative Research, Journal of Business Communication, 30(2), 1999-200

Manufacturing Beauty

Manufacturing stunner Manufacturing Beauty Cindy Jackson in my intuitive feeling has study issues. She appreciates watcher is on the outside and does whatsoever she can to cause herself look the same(p)s of an imaginary soul. It seems to me that she is doing all this to try to make m nonpareily. Her website is all about selling cosmetics. In which I am betting she doesnt even use herself, because if there is a flaw in her mind she corrects it with surgical operation, so why does she need cosmetics? I think that her self-esteem is still extremely kickoff even after all the surgeries and it has been from the start.The somatogenetic drawing card of a person influences all(prenominal) individual throughout every community, crosswise the United States and around the innovation. All pack inherit and alter their fleshly drawing card, which is fit(p) by complex, interdependent, visible, and non- corporeal factors. Hidden and not-hidden values bugger off thoughts and acti ons with significant effects and realities whereby higher physical attractiveness is beneficial, lower physical attractiveness is detrimental and associated pursuits are relentless.Physical attractiveness may look skin-deep as a surface aspect of appearance, merely looks can be deceiving. Researchers throughout the world collect empirical data complemented with anecdotal data to probe beyond the surfaces. done investigations that meet meticulous scientific methodological procedures, acute observations reveal previously un postdated dimensions that advance understanding about physical attractiveness (Patzer, 2006). I think the plenteousness media has a huge influence on her.Even according her, she needs to look like Barbie I looked at a Barbie annulus when I was 6 and said, This is what I want to look like. She spent $100,000 on the operations because she wanted to look better, Barbie was the white canvas I filled in all those years ago. It was still my graphic symbol model . Cindy believed she was being held back by her looks and that with surgery to make her more like her idol, she believes she is happier and has a better quality in life.Although this simulation is both rare and extreme, it is interesting to observe a womans behavior later in life, which so blatantly and clearly relate her desire of appearance to a type presented to her as a child. (2009) I my opinion the theme of Manufacturing Beauty can take to be several things. I think that for one and the main theme is that a person is doing everything they can to try to make themselves pretty in everybody elses eyes. This is impossible, because everybody sees beauty a contrary why.For instance, I might be attracted to a woman at first gear sight but after I get to know, I may not find her beautiful because I think, beauty is on the inside and not the physical appearance. In conclusion, I do not approve of what she is doing but then I do not have to. I think she is giving young women a v ery bad influence. I wish young women would see that being different is a great thing and that tone like everybody else is very boring. References (2009). Living Doll. Retrieved from http//blamingthemedia. blogspot. com/2009_09_01_archive. hypertext markup language Patzer, G. (2006). The Power and Paradox of Physical drawing card