Scene Analysis: Sexuality in Blue Angel

In Josef von Sternberg’s film Blue Angel, female sexuality is defined through the character Lola Lola. The lead female character is captured using select subject-camera distances that seem to make her appear powerful and in control. The medium shots of Professor Rath and the full shots of Lola Lola during the first â€Å"falling in love again† performance are used to compare the emotional male character to the empowered female character, and therefore illustrate the evolving sexual identity of women.The scene begins with a full shot of Lola Lola performing in front of a large audience. Her posture and attire are fully captured by the camera as she sings to the crowd. With her hands on her hip, she performs confidently in an outfit that emphasizes her figure. The camera suddenly shifts to another full shot following Professor Rath to his reserved seat. Because the beautiful singer mesmerizes him, he must be ushered to his seat above the crowd. Again, a full shot captures the performer before she is interrupted for a formal introduction of Professor Rath.The first medium shot in this scene shows the Professor wildly looking below at the crowd. A scanning full shot of the crowd is quickly given before returning to a seemingly happy Rath. Once again Lola strolls around the stage with her hands on her hips; the camera follows her as she sits down and sings to the delighted professor. Although the camera zooms in slightly for a three-quarter shot, the viewer is able to see her streamline body, while she enchants the main character.Rath is filmed from the waist up once more and is visibly consumed by his emotions, while the singer w is captured fully in a slightly seductive position. The camera shifts to a peculiar three-quarter shot of the clown and a musician. From this view, the camera follows the clowns upward gaze as he looks upward at Professor Rath. The camera is slightly distanced from the sitting professor, so the viewer may see a tall sculpture portraying the female body. The Professor becomes visibly uncomfortable by the artwork and awkwardly shifts in his chair until his eyes fall back onto Lola Lola.The camera then switches back and forth between full shots of the alluring singer and medium shots of the entranced man; she appears to be seducing him confidently from the stage as he bashfully watches from afar. The scene closes with a medium shot of the enthralled professor who has truly been captivated by the brazen performer. Throughout the scene, the female character is distanced more than the performer since she is not as emotionally vulnerable as the male lead. Lola remains in control throughout the entire performance, and she effortlessly evokes a response from the man watching her.Professor Rath visibly struggles with the decency of the club. Although the woman singing to professor excites him, the man is slightly uncomfortable with certain aspects of Blue Angel. The subject-camera distances used in Lola’s first performance of â€Å"Falling in Love Again† adds to the movies theme of female sexuality during the Weimer Republic. Full shots capture Lola’s ability to seduce the old professor, while medium shots emphasize his reactions and emotional response. This scene

Arguments on Utilitarianism Essay

Which is more valuable: a game of push-pin or the study of Latin? Which has greater worth: the life of a single young girl or the lives of an entire community? These are the sorts of questions raised when dealing with the matter of utilitarianism. According to Jeremy Bentham, the father of the theory, the ultimate moral goal of human beings should be to increase pleasure and to decrease pain. To maximize the amount of time spent in content, and minimize the times of depression. And he has a point. Simply stated like that, everyone can agree that that is definitely something they want to achieve. But when his theory is applied to real-life conditions, the varying answers and resulting situations aren’t always applicable with such a cut-and-dry cure-all. Contrary to Bentham’s theory, just because doing something may seem to create an overall better situation than not doing something, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it should be done. When he states his place, Bentham seems to have taken into account all of the variables. He affirms that the standards of right and wrong, and the chains of cause and effect, will influence what exactly promotes pleasure and prevents pain (306). He also recognizes that the quantity of people being affected is a contributing factor as to whether something is ultimately beneficial or detrimental (311). Drawing upon these recognized facts, Bentham goes so far as to create a virtual mathematical equation for determining utility; Including intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, and purity as factors of what qualifies as happiness, and thereby, righteousness (311). But this in itself is absurd, as it is impossible to gauge the properties he proposes. He does not, and can not, provide a scale with which to measure how certain, how intense, or how pure the â€Å"goodness† level of something is. Nor is he able to quantify the overall amount of utility one law or reason offers to an entire population under government; which is what he suggests at the end of his theory (312). It can be conceded that the utility of a rule should be considered during it’s establishment, as in general rules should be for the greater good and therefore the greater happiness. But there are other factors that come into play that Bentham neglects to recognize. In â€Å"Ivan’s Challenge,† Fyodor Dostoevsky suggests a striking situation in which utility is obviously not the lone factor in determining it’s morality (333). He conjures up a circumstance where a small, young girl is to be sacrificed for the â€Å"edifice of human destiny, the ultimate aim of which is to bring people happiness, to give them peace and contentment at last? † (333). With her death, the salvation of the entire community is achieved. At first glance, and in Bentham’s eyes, it’s a simple equation. One is lesser than infinity. Her death would be justified because the lives of so many others would be saved. But, he fails to consider human emotion. Living with the fact that a young child had to have died in order for themselves to live may not necessarily be a life of cheerfulness. Furthermore, by calling this a justified situation, Bentham is putting a price on human life. This action in itself is immoral. Also, it’s an example of a situation where it’s not really a matter of increasing happiness. Putting a value on a human life is an action in which no party is gaining or losing contentment directly. It doesn’t fit into Bentham’s equation, and apart from it, is an immoral action that should not ethically be able to exist passively beside his main theory of morals by utility. In addition to this flaw, Bentham fails to acknowledge the notion that all pleasures are not created equal. In his first writing, â€Å"The Principle of Utility,† he only manages to recognize the aspect of quantity, and it is in a second, â€Å"Push-Pin and Poetry,† that he proceeds to debunk the possibility of varying qualities of pleasure. To Bentham, there are different kinds of pleasure, but one is not greater or better than another. He breaks them down into two different categories: 1, arts and sciences of amusement and curiosity, and 2, arts and sciences of simple and immediate utility (200). Those of amusement he associates with the fine arts, such as poetry, painting, or architecture, and are generally appreciated aesthetically (200). Those of curiosity he associates with sciences and history, such as the study of foreign languages or biology (200). Those of simple utility are more basic, such as a game of push-pin (200). They are ordinary things that can be enjoyed by anyone. He goes on to say that, â€Å"prejudice apart, the game of push-pin is of equal value with the fine arts and sciences of music and poetry† (200). His only concession is that if music and science are placed above a game of push-pin in utility, it is only because those individuals are more difficult to please (200). Nowhere does he acknowledge that those difficult individuals are correct or justified in wanting a more stimulating source of excitement. Nowhere does he consent that the thrill of curing a disease through the study of medicine overpowers the brief amusement of a board game. But, John Stuart Mill, a supporter of the philosophy of utilitarianism, does. He begins by citing a major criticism of utility, which is that many people feel that the idea of life having â€Å"no higher end besides pleasure? no better and nobler object of desire and pursuit† is degrading and dishonorable (201). His rebuke is that it is only degrading if the accusation â€Å"supposes human beings to be capable of no pleasures except those of which swine are capable† (201). This is obviously not the case. We would not be content simply rolling in mud and gorging ourselves on tangerine rinds. Humans require more stimulation and excitement in order to achieve happiness than an animal, such as swine, with lesser faculties. It is â€Å"better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied† (Mill 203). To be able to fully appreciate and understand the higher pleasures, such as love and friendship, is so much more rewarding than the simple contentments of physical gratification. Despite the truth that a fool or a swine may lead a more content life, it is only because they require less to achieve contentment. This supplements Bentham’s statement of a person who prefers poetry to push-pin being more difficult to please. Bentham just fails to see that human beings in their usual healthy, intelligent forms are all â€Å"difficult† to please. All in all, the philosophy of utilitarianism is an acceptable standard of morality? on most occasions. There will always be situations where what is truly moral does not fully satisfy the idea of existence exempt from pain and rich in enjoyments. And, contrary to Bentham, there are pleasures that are of higher quality than others, just as there are pains more severe than others. Works Cited Bentham, Jeremy. â€Å"Push-Pin and Poetry. † Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press: New York, 1994. 199-200. Bentham, Jeremy. â€Å"The Principle of Utility. † Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press: New York, 1994. 306-312. Mill, John Stuart. â€Å"Higher and Lower Pleasures. † Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press: New York, 1994. 201-205. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. â€Å"Ivan’s Challenge. † Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press: New York, 1994. 332.

Personal space Essay

Most social situations North Americans require a comfort zone of six to eight square feet per person, and any violation of that buffer can trigger a reaction (Bowen). â€Å"People use avoidance responses,† says Robert Sommer, a psychologist at the University of California-Davis and author of the book Personal Space (qtd. in Bowen). But where does the standard of personal space come from? According to Sommer, â€Å"a comfort distance for conversation varies from culture to culture.† Because Mediterranean and Asian countries are more densely populated, their personal space zones are much closer to the body than those of North Americans and Northern Europeans (qtd. in Bowen). The westerns are certainly planning on keeping this standard in the future. In fact, the world’s population is increasing at an incredible rate. Even the country offers its citizens plenty of spaces everywhere; they have to learn to make compromises on their personal space not only to accept the inevitable reality but also for the benefit of this compromise. First of all, urban Americans should make compromises on personal space when they are using public transportations. The New York City subway system is a really great representative example of personal space; the total number of urban citizens is more than 18 million, thus making the subway system extremely crowded every day. But even during the rush hours, the passengers are still careful about their distance with the others. If one person has a minor physical contact with someone and doesn’t express the apology, the other person will raise their voice instantly and say â€Å"excuse me† and certainly feels offended. This is totally unnecessary, especially during the rush hours, because some people might be late for work or school already, and someone might be thinking about today’s schedule. The rest of them are doing things that indeed catch their attention. Under such circumstances, it’s highly possible for passengers to have minor physical contact with others out of negligence they don’t notice. On the other hand, there is Shanghai, the second largest city in China with more than 20 million residents and most of them use the subway for daily transportation. It’s even more crowded compared to the New York City subway. So close to each other with their shoulders and backs passengers may nudge 2 or 3 persons at the same time, and they have been totally adapted to this situation without any discomfort. The Tokyo subway  system passengers have even less personal space during the rush hours. The metro staff will push the passengers back so that more people will have the opportunity to get in the train in the morning. What are the passengers’ reactions? They don’t feel offended at all. They are actually grateful because all of them can get to work on time, and their personal sacrifice is helping many people. Their joint efforts make the subway system much more efficient and indeed prevent lots of unpleasant arguments. â€Å"When they’re moving, they tend to keep a distance of three or four steps so as not to violate each other’s personal space.† said Larry Gould, director of operations analysis at New York City Transit (qtd. in Gardy). But the sheer density of the population is giving the Chinese a very different sense of personal space (Toy, 2). â€Å"Personal spaces overlap,† said Stuart Strother, an economist who has lived in China and who wrote a travel guide, â€Å"Living Abroad in China†. â€Å"It’s not that you don’t have any personal space, but I may have to share your space,† he said. Perhaps as a consequence, Strother said, pointing at and touching people, even total strangers, is not considered rude (Toy). There’s also another interesting phenomenon. You will never see two strangers sitting together in the New York City subway if there’s empty space somewhere else. The definition for â€Å"empty† means nobody is sitting next to you, and there’s at least one seat separating you from your surroundings. Most of the time, even during the rush hours, passengers prefer to stand rather than take the single seat between two passengers. Based on Robert Sommer’s theory, â€Å"The violation of personal space increases tension levels enormously (qtd. in Bowen)†. In other words, urban Americans prefer to sacrifice many things in order to sustain their high standard of personal space. But with the expansion of population, Americans eventually have to make compromises on personal space. So why not prepare to adjust the situation ahead of time? There’re also many benefits if they’re willing to do so. The most direct benefit is to increase the capacity of the train; more passengers can get in the train if most of them are willing to have less personal space. On top of that, more empty seats will be occupied if they sit close to each other. The amounts of seats are designed for a reason; it’s common to see 3 people occupy 4 or more seats. They sit apart simply because they want to have more personal space. Nothing bad will happen if  Americans make compromises on personal space. Urban Americans don’t need to create those invisible walls to protect themselves. They probably waste a great opportunity to make new friends sitting away from each other in the subway. Society will be filled with harmony and peace if people are not so suspicious and stop creating those invisible walls subconsciously. Lots of Americans are having a hard time adjusting to Chinese culture during their visit in Chinese cities. Some locals may come to them in order to take photos with the foreigners. Other locals are probably looking at the foreigners out of curiosity. Those actions are really common in China but the Americans are quite sensitive to those actions and sometimes feel offended. Their invisible walls are necessary to isolate them but indeed increase the tension levels. Americans’ perceptions and standards of personal space are definitely hard to change, but if they do, it always comes with a greater good. The United States is currently the No.1 country in the world, which receives millions of immigrants every year. By receiving those immigrants, United States not only receives the knowledge but also accepts their different cultural standards. Urban Americans can neither apply all the American standards to new immigrants nor expect them to adopt the entire standards by themselves. Personal space is only the tip of the iceberg, but it’s fairly important to live in the big cultural melting pot of New York. Subway passengers are highly diversified, and there’re probably people from 50 different countries taking the same train at the same time. According to Shuhan Wang, the executive director for Chinese language initiatives at the Asia Society, there’s an old Chinese saying â€Å"you treat other people’s elderly as if they’re your own, and you treat other people’s children as if they’re your own∙∙∙ So in a way, everybody in society is extended family† (qtd. in Toy). This is a good concept that urban Americans should take a look at to make compromises. By lowering the standard of personal space, it will be easier for foreign immigrants to be part of the society, and lower standards are always easier to be adopted gradually. The standards of personal space can also be interpreted through sociological perspective. According to Robert Pepper, a sociology professor at New York Institute of Technology, conflict theory can be used to explain the standards of personal space because people are competing for scarce resources; every single passenger would like to  have some extra space in the subway especially during the rush hour. He used the term â€Å"ethnocentrism† to suggest that Americans to make compromises on personal space. He believes Americans should not place their own cultural group above the rest. The standards of personal space are definitely different based on the culture, and the Americans should respect all customs and religions. â€Å"Chinese society emphasizes a collective mentality over an individualistic one.† said Stuart Strother (qtd. in Toy). But the American culture is exactly the opposite, thus making it even harder for urban Americans to accept. Having the idea of individualism, Americans are rewarded for behaving independently, making their own plans, and working toward achieving their personal goals. Under such circumstance, individuals are hired and promoted largely based on individual achievement and qualifications (â€Å"Culture†). And the Americans expand this idea of individualism into all areas; they want to be unique, to be easily distinguished from the crowd, and a high standard of personal space is definitely necessary. Chinese people are different, they emphasize the idea of the group, and everyone in the group shares things equally, so no one is necessarily better than the rest. People will stay together to achieve the group goal. No one wants to be unique because if you are unique that means you are isolated. The overall impact from high population density and idea of big groups are helping the Chinese adjust the lower standard of personal space in the long run. If Americans could learn some of the concepts, it will be much easier for them to make personal sacrifices in exchange for the greater good of the society. But some people may argue that lack of personal space can indicate people’s lack of manners and this is not right. In Lee, Patrick P’s article â€Å"Rush Hour,† he introduced his own life experience in Hong Kong which at the time was still a British colony. Hong Kong adopted the language, social order, peoples’ perceptions of things and especially manners. They are taught with the British gentlemen’s style, but on the other hand, there’s no need to say â€Å"excuse me† in the subway, or any doorway. The locals aren’t being rude when they invade your personal space. They simply need to go everywhere, nowhere, fast. In tiny and overcrowded Hong Kong, the concept of â€Å"personal space† is a luxury which one can’t afford and probably doesn’t exist (Lee, 2). This kind of situation will eventually happen in big US cities. If they’re making the compromise now, it  can be beneficial in the long run. The United States doesn’t have mandatory birth control which will inevitably make the population expansion even faster, and as a result the personal space will shrink. So to be prepared ahead of time is always a good thing. The younger generation will have different mind sets in the future in order to adjust the situation. Driven by individualism, urban Americans are treating their personal space as one of their birth rights. It’s complicated even verbally to ask them to make compromises on their personal space. But the whole world population just passed 7 billion 1 month ago; this inevitable reality should give urban Americans a wakeup call. If they choose to live in the big cities, they’re going to have to face the overcrowded society. They’re going to feel disappointed because their old standards cannot apply anymore. So, make the changes of mind from now and it will eventually give them greater benefits. They can have a good mood to start the new day with the crowded subway, if they’re willing to make minor sacrifice on personal space. They’re still very gentle persons even they sit next to someone because the society accept the different mind and adapt to the situation of fast expanded population and less personal space. Foreigners won’t feel the indivisible walls anymore because urban Americans don’t need them anymore. The whole society could be filled with harmony and urban Americans could be living more like a big family.

Risk Assessment and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Risk Assessment and Management - Essay Example Evaluation of the risk against strategic categories such as economical, social, environmental stimulations is also achieved in this essay. Risk management is the process of evaluating, mitigating and supervising the potential risk elements connected with the origin of a project. The success of an enterprise depends upon the lower level quantum of risk factors. The higher the risk the higher the loss and an uncertainty will ensue on the future of the project. Therefore risk management has got a virtual application and its style and approach together with strategies will be responsible for the accomplishment of any venture. Recognising the risk management is a multi-disciplinary field. The scientific and systematic skill and knowledge acquired from specialist institutes and associations, and practice and experience to increasingly broad and diverse set of risk factors connected with ventures of all types are required to handle the risk factors involved in a particular enterprise. In other words ability to identify and quantify the risks arising out of an inbuilt environment, with the help of risk analysis systems and tools to the management of risk, are necessary to evaluate and regulate the risk proximity related to a project. Formaldehyde (FA) FA is carcinogenic at the site of contact as a consequence of epithelial cell regenerative proliferation resulting from cytotoxicity and mutation (reviewed by Naya and Nakanishi 2005). In 2004 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that FA is a known human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals (IARC 2004). The carcinogenic effect of FA is caused by prolonged regenerative cell proliferation associated with its cytotoxicity, which increases the number of DNA Risk Assessment and Management 5 replications and thus increases the probability of DNA-protein cross-link (DPX)-initiated replication errors (Liteplo and Meek 2003; Speit et al. 2000). Risk Assessment: Like most other substances formaldehyde is toxic in very high doses. But like Paracelsus said: the dose makes the poison. Formaldehyde is a natural metabolic intermediate and is produced by all living cells. 3 mg/kg of formaldehyde is the natural concentration in the blood of humans and mammals. In some cells of the human body, e.g. in the liver or in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa, concentrations of formaldehyde can reach up to 6-12 mg/kg. Studies show that indoor air levels of formaldehyde in houses and offices are nowadays at a safe level of below 0,1 ppm. Sensory irritation, that is eye and nose irritation, is first observed at levels of 1 ppm and higher. From both human

Cow Dairy Farms In Switzerland Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Development Appraisal, Project Cost Control Assignment

Development Appraisal, Project Cost Control - Assignment Example The building and construction sector includes contractors who build buildings for residential, industrial and commercial purposes. SECTION-A Question 1 This is a case whereby companies operating in the construction industry need to develop, differentiate,  defend and communicate the development  contribution  they  make to their host country   in just the same way as they manage the value they delivered to customers. Taking a case of buildings:   There are various aspects that defines these statement ‘‘Development value’’ in a more scientific way. ... 2. Four methods of valuation and their illustration using appropriate examples These methods include; DCF valuation LBO valuation Comparable companies’ valuation Precedent transaction valuation A DCF (Discounted cash flow) valuation is a valuation method where future cash flows are discounted to present value. The valuation approach is widely used within the investment banking and private equity industry. In a DCF valuation, one has tom obtain data which includes; historical financial information, working capital, make future projections and calculate unlevered cash free flow, determine capital structure, WACC, present value of free cash flow, enterprise value and finally come up with a DCF sensitivity analysis which now shows the valuation changes with different assumptions and changes in input (Notman, 1998). A LBO (Leveraged Buyout Analysis), valuation is the acquisition of another company using a significant amount  of borrowed money (bonds or loans) to meet the cost of an acquisition. It is used to determine an implied valuation range for a given target in a potential LBO sale based on achieving acceptable returns (O'Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). In this kind of valuation the following is taken into account; deal value, historical financials, forecast period, results and output. A comparable company’s analysis is always used in company valuations and is a relative valuation method (Notman, 1998). The method indicates the value of similar companies in relation to different key ratios that is later compared to your business. Common key ratios are: EV/EBITDA and EV/SALES. For this to be successful, one needs to select the multiples of companies, locate the necessary financial information, and spread key statistics ratios and trading multiples benchmark

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Older people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

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How Can We Fix K-12 Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The study issue learning to students with atypical development Essay

The study issue learning to students with atypical development - Essay Example In a study which is quantitative in nature, the proponent intends to gather data so that a valid conclusion may be arrived at regarding the outcomes of broadly comparable experiences. An objective or positivist approach is adopted by those who utilize this design (Cohen & Manion, 1994). The main principle underlying this approach is that knowledge and facts are measurable and that complicated problems may be comprehended more effectively if they are broken down into less complicated pats (Easterby-Smith et al, 1996). The quantitative approach has several advantages, among them is the fact that they have clearer boundaries with regards to data gathering. And yet, these do not come with its weaknesses. For this approach to yield valid conclusions, the tool that is used for data gathering has to have acceptable psychometric properties. The construction of the research tool must be subjected to rigor and careful analysis (Reason & Rowen, 1981). One other limitation of quantitative method s is the need to use a substantially large sample to be able to garner more valid results (Easterby-Smith et al, 1996). Ten Home Education students of ages 14 to 16 were selected from ex-enrollees of specialist school for children with Speech and Communication difficulties. Six are girls and four are boys. Four of them have dyslexia, two have the visual impairment, two of them are deaf and mute, and the other two have Asperger Syndrome. These children were referrals of teachers from the school.

Conform Essay Example for Free

Conform Essay In other cases being beautiful is very important to many people and some are willing to change to conform to everyone else’s perspectives to beauty. Others find themselves comfortable with just the way they are. Some people decide to go into painful plastic surgeries to fit in with the rest of the so-called beautiful people; others rebel against pleasing others and don’t put so much importance to it. They focus on being on what they really are. In â€Å"Barbie Doll† by Marge Piercy and â€Å"Lost Sister† by Cathy Song Girlchild and Sister struggle with their decision on whether to rebel or conform to what society expects. Girlchild from â€Å"Barbie Doll† chooses to conform to society’s expectations. Girlchild does not consider herself beautiful because she has large nose and chubby legs. Even though she is described as smart and in good conditions, the people around her only care of how she looks physically. The requirements to be beautiful are so limited and her good features are not one of them. Physically, Girlchild does not believe herself as beautiful. Barbie dolls are the ideal form of beauty, with the perfect body, big eyes, and perfect nose. Girlchild does not carry any features of a Barbie doll but that does not mean she is ugly. Instead of finding her own way of beauty Girlchild decides to fit in. So Girlchild loses weight, changes her look, and attitude to please others. Even like that people criticize her of being imperfect all they still see is â€Å"a fat nose on thick legs† (Piercy 11). She fails to find acceptance, even after all the hard work she puts into it. To conform to everyone else she finally decides to cut her nose and legs off. This decision to fit in causes her life to end. After that the undertaker fixes her up putting on a fake nose and fixing other imperfections. At her uneral now that she carries a different nose, the so-called perfect nose, everyone finally asks â€Å"Doesn’t she look pretty? † (Piercy 23). At last she succeeds to be accepted but now it doesn’t really matter, because she is dead. In the other hand sister from the poem â€Å"Lost Sister† did not conform instead she decides to rebel. Her culture expects women to be loyal, obedient, and t o stay at home and care for their family throughout all their lives. Sister is compared to a jade stone, because like the stone women are able to do so much, but are not able â€Å"to move freely† (Song 13). In Sister’s culture women are destined to take care of their family and are not capable to achieve anything else. They also have to go through a painful process of foot binding that didn’t allow them to walk comfortably. This foot binding procedure is for women to have small cute feet. It also enables them to move fast and far. Sister does not conform to this lifestyle unlike Girchild, Sister decides to seek opportunities and equality in America. Sister leaves to another country to find freedom. In America she does not have to go through painful procedures to be accepted. She now has the opportunity to â€Å"stride along with men† (Song 36). While this is what she wants, she is still not satisfied. In America she has no family. By rebelling she gets what she wants but she is unable to share this with her family. She is unable to understand the new language. The city is nothing like where she was born; in the city there is always light and the air is not the cleanest. She starts to miss China. She realizes it wasn’t so easy after all. Even though one decides to rebel and the other to conform at the end, ironically, they are both unhappy. Girlchild is lifeless unable to enjoy her accomplishment and Sister was unable to share her freedom with her family.

Islamic Architecture In Spain Cultural Studies Essay

Islamic Architecture In Spain Cultural Studies Essay Mean when one talk about the types and styles of architecture in parts of the globe, comes His mind quickly many pictures of the masterpieces of Muslim architecture in Andalusia They stayed there about eight centuries praise the architectural monuments, which are still .One of the biggest evidence of the greatness of their civilization in the continent of Europe. When the Muslims arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, was full of many of the effects Architecture that belong to different civilizations Romanian, some of these effects .Related posts religious and some of the post of defensive castles and forts, including those with the civilian job, theaters, bridges and so on. The dye Muslims open their cities distinctive Islamic character, and that the establishment of mosques, which are The core of the architecture of cities and expand, as the mosque becomes a center of cities over time and urban and heart beating SQ branch roads leading to the large doors City, and then branched out streets and alleys connecting the neighborhoods. Introduction: Architecture is a pot of civilization, which represents the cultural identity and synthesis, creative and aesthetic level of human beings. Able to Islamic architecture to move from a speculator in the countryside into the huts in the villages, then to the buildings and wild in the cities, carrying the features of a genuine, consistent with the requirements of rights and with the traditions and environment, and is characterized by Islamic art that there is a common unit collects so that it can identify any piece produced in Under the Islamic civilization in any country of the Islamic world. Islamic architecture are the characteristics of building used by Muslims to be the identity of them, Architecture arise because of Islam and in areas where it arrived as a Sham and the Maghreb, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, etc. In addition to the areas that had been ruled for long periods, such as al-Andalus (Spain now) and India. Affected by the properties of Islamic architecture and its characteristics significantly the Islamic religion and scientific renaissance that followed and differ from one region to another depending on the weather and the architectural and cultural legacy of the former in the region As well as see the evolution of form and function over time and changing political circumstances and living conditions and cultural rights of the population. In this study we know how Islam has a great affect on architecture in many countries as Spain, and see some examples of buildings that have effected by Islam, so, we will know the answer of our question which is how Islam affect architecture in Spain did? 2. Review of literature: Islamic architecture is a homogeneous architecture: According to (Sani , Rafooneh ,2009) Islamic architecture is a homogeneous architecture. Architecture as a method and a school of thought preferred to be in harmony with nature and the environment without deduct any of it but on the contrary, with homogeneous components and complete harmony and balance. The early architectural thinking in humans is limited in the tradition, especially from the connotations surrounding environment or environmental factors, especially organic ones, such as simulation of the structure of the structural skeleton, or even simulates the animals when they work their homes and nests. Aristotle is considered that the reason for the emergence of art due to the existence of instinct of the human simulation, which has a social function which serves the convenience and entertainment. Andalusia impact of different scientific, architectural, artistic, durable radiation center of Islamic civilization since it strengthened the roots of Islamic rule, in particular, in the era of home by Prince Abd-Al- Rahman, who devoted his life to building an Islamic state in Andalusia. In his architecture began groping in religious buildings and civil rights. And is still in Spain to this day are vivid reminders of the sincerity of that movements major building and construction. The architectural and decorative elements make up the first seeds of Andalusian art, so I took a shine decoration in the Levant and Morocco, but also influenced the decoration of the nearby Christian. There is no doubt that the era of this architectural breakthrough recovered from such of the finest examples of Islamic architecture in the world but the middle Ages. Architecture is known to be a Great Spirit and represents the story of life. Islamic architecture is a creative spirit that changed from generation to another during the time depending on the tradition of time that they live So architecture I know to be a Great Spirit. Which from generation to generation, from age to age, proceeds, persists, creates, according to the nature of man, and his circumstances as they change. That is really architectureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lloyd Wright, In Brooks Pfeiffer Nordland 1988:7) Islamic architecture can tell us a story about life, some of architects use in their design stories from life, some use stories of our messenger and how he suffered a lot to spread Islam. We have developed the first architectural designs inspired by the designs that were prevalent in the land of Islam, which lasted an important landmark which inspired the artist in the Islamic era. This artist who became Muslim or stayed the religion, had been transferred traditions of architecture prevalent before Islam to Islamic architecture, and he himself had made before and after Islam, the role of architecture and the originator, or is the heir direct to the traditions of architecture, as Arabs were not Muslims conquistadores brought with them the foundations for Islamic architecture, it is of Islamic thought which grew and spread among the people after a century ago, was the basis for the concept of a new architectural, walked vigorously in the field of creativity and diversity, and has accompanied the evolution of Islamic thought, the emergence of thought beauty is in the studies of Brethren of Safa and al gahz and Twehedy and Ibn Khaldun and others. In the Orient, the Islami c Mongol Shah was the largest and its aftermath has been involved in supporting the development of thought, aesthetic, architectural creativity. Islamic architecture depends on the visual language and knowing the creation. According to (Gonzalez, Valà ©rie, 2001) There was a tradition of architectural most important traditions of Romanian and Byzantine Empire, which imposed its identity at least through the reuse of architectural elements in the temples and facilities, from the columns and capitals in the building of mosques first, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Mosque of Damascus and the Mosque of Kairouan, Mosque of Cordoba and the Mosque of villagers in Fas.   But the conditions of the prayer in the mosques were the main reason to establish the concept of Islamic architecture; different from the previous architecture, the different functions, and different ideological affiliation. Thus, the minaret emerged to replace the tower bells, and the dome appeared to be crossing the architectural logo for the vault of heaven to the faithful, and has appeared niche habitat for decorations and creativity, and covered the walls of mosques and marble mosaics to cover the ancient stone recycled. Architectural elements in the palaces and mosques are in brackets and lintels and decorations Moot, as in the palaces Heer Palace bomber and Amra, as in the Qasr al-in all stucco, which was distributed in the palaces and mosques. Architecture is a machine and should be a thoughtful process. According to (Rasdi, Mohamad,2008) The second fact of Islamic architecture is the human scale, the purpose the foundation of the architecture, is to achieve tranquility and confidence to those who hold this architecture, whether public or private. The basic principle is the rights, needs and aspirations, and from the concatenation stages without that leave him at any stage of the project, Man needs a place to achieve comfort, security and happiness within the limits of efficiency. First, creates the same room requires windows enjoy it, superintending the scene of its own away from the curiosity of others , and noise pollution, and he had a inner courtyard surrounding the rooms again, and this became the yard its where trees and herbs and flowers, where pools of water, and had to be a corner shadowed meet the occupants home to enjoy the sight of this paradise wonderful founding hall, did not have to be decoration and ornament Notes brackets, doors, ceilings and walls to emphasize the meaning of architecture on the one hand, and in order to retain memories of the beautiful scenes and decorations that are known carved on the manuscripts and objects. The nature of Islam and Islamic architecture. According to to (Rasdi, Mohamad, 2008) , When the Muslims arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, was full of many of the effects Architecture that belong to different civilizations Kaloiperep Romanian, some of these effects ØŒ Related posts Kalmabid religious, and some of the post of defensive castles and forts. Muslims open their towns distinctive Islamic character, and that the establishment of mosques, which are The core of the architecture of cities and expand, as the mosque becomes a center of cities over time And urban and heart beating SQ branch roads leading to the large doors . City, and then branched out streets and alleys connecting the neighborhoods. . And around the courtyard of the mosque built markets and bathrooms, hotels, Qayshrb. And inside Mosque hold political meetings, and distributed army brigades, taught science . Religious and general sciences. Thus we find that the mosque had a positive impact on the lives of Community, political, economic and social development. The phenomenon was followed in the ØŒ Many of the cities that would be opened or Echttha Muslims in various parts of the globe, This is the case of Damascus, Alexandria, Cordoba, Seville, Toledo and others. It was Andalusia Bmatherha various scientific and architectural, artistic, Radiation center of Islamic civilization sustainable since strengthened the roots of Islamic rule Where, particularly in the era of home by Prince Abdul Rahman, who devoted his life to building . An Islamic state in Andalusia. Fbahdh architecture began groping in Religious buildings and civil rights. And is still in Andalusia to this day are vivid reminders of the sincerity of that movements major building and construction. The architectural and decorative elements make up the first seeds of Andalusian art, even Took decoration radiate in the Levant and Morocco, but affected the decoration of Christianity .Neighbors. There is no doubt that the era of this breakthrough architecture recovered from such of the finest Examples of Islamic architecture, but the world in the middle Ages. After that period any time the emirate, and its peak an era of Prince inside followed by a series Covenants on Andalusia, and all were paying close attention to art and appearances Architecture various civic, religious and defense. And still the list since those Ù†¡ Covenants vivid evidence of architectural distinction between Prince and elsewhere, and despite the lack of this Evidence known to the integrated construction in present-day Cordoba mosque, and red ØŒ Granada, Seville, and the Lighthouse Tower and the gold, but there are a lot of effects Andalusian scattered in cities and villages of Spain. But do not exaggerate if we say that Spanish architecture in most countries of central, western and southern Iberian Peninsula is Andalusian character readily recognizable through some of the architectural elements and decorative Related Islamic origin who are destined to evolve in Spain. 3. Methodology: Approach: The research approach adopted here is influenced by some examples for Islamic buildings that found in Spain that effected by old and modern Islamic architecture. Tools of Data collection: The main instruments of investigation in this study were by reading documents, academic journals and by taking some history lessons and we can use key informant collaboration. Procedures: Studying some examples of Islamic buildings in Spain such as: The Grand Mosque in Cordoba, Spain One of the most exciting established Muslims architectural works, and there are in Cordoba in Andalusia (Spain), This mosque is situated near the Guadalquivir River, and surrounded by, and all four sides of narrow alleyways, which is recognized by historians of European architecture summit peaks of architecture the world over the ages, The definitive guide to Alomwen skill in the art of engineering and architecture. Has now shifted to the church. Shot of interior The Rusafa palace in Cordoba, Spain It is a park, beautiful successors Almarwanyen, Aptnah Abd-AL-Rahman inside at the foot of Mount Cordoba, to entertain himself, he termed the Rusafa after the analogy of Rsafa grandfather in Damascus was built to compete with its shortcomings Eastern Manifa. This was the palace forum writers and the Forum poets. Rusafa palace in Cordoba Results: The data collected found that Islam has a great effect on buildings in Spain and many countries. Found that many architects use Islamic arts in their designing buildings. Discussion: In that research paper we have found that much of the literature on Islamic architecture in Spain and its relation to the results were found take high place, and that islam have many symbols and sign that found in buildings as Islamic architecture depend on visions Conclusion : Some difficulties were faced in this paper such as lack of information about Islamic architecture in spain as building were decreased their , so, other researcher should found more examples and information in that field

Fordism and Post-Fordism: Concepts of Capitalism

Fordism and Post-Fordism: Concepts of Capitalism Understanding Dawn Dusk:  The Evolution of Capitalism from the Perspectives of Fordism and Post-Fordism. The pursuit of profit was not a science born perfect. Instead, as one technological or organizational invention after another led to ever increasing rates of incremental improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of the enterprise. These improvements either reduced the cost structure, increased the market demand or both. It was just such an ‘incremental’ improvement in the early twentieth century that led Henry Ford and his Model T to begin an era of ‘namesake’ capitalism that dominated until the 1980’s and persists even today. The methods that began the period of capitalism known as Fordism was not so much just the additional of an assembly line but rather a line that moved to the worker rather that the other way around. This technology of this method was not new, having been utilized in Chicago slaughterhouses since at least the 1890’s but it was the first time that it have been used on such a scale to consumer goods with the end effect of making the automobile affordable. Perhaps even more importantly, the application of this method to automobile production, enabled the use of additional organizational technologies to be deployed. For example, bottlenecks and other production issues could be readily identified and solved and it became possible for a smaller number of managers to ‘control’ the output of a larger group of workers (Grint, 1991, p. 294-295; Clarke, 1992, p. 17). Because of the organizational paradigm shift, these methods were quickly and successfully adopted at other companies in a many different industries. Together, changes introduced in technology and management paved the way to broader sociological changes. At the heart of these was the rise of â€Å"management† as controlling influence upon workers. While Taylorism implemented strict measures of control and efficiency to the workers, the organizational impact of Fordism harnessed individual productivity back into the firm. In some ways, practices at the Ford Motor Company were quite progressive such as his â€Å"Five Dollar Day† policy by which workers were paid for their time. While significant from a labor perspective, it also merits commented on based on the fact that this was compensation. Not just â€Å"pay† but rather compensation for becoming a cog in a wheel and a so-called ‘factor of production’ under somewhat harsh conditions. While some might consider Ford to be generous to pay his employees so a sum, others might not that it could also be viewed as a particularly shrewd means to decrease absenteeism, work interruptions, poor quality and perhaps most importantly, as a means to fend off interest in trade unionization by workers. In fact, once instituted, the results were dramatic as the following were observed, â€Å"absenteeism fell from 10% to less than 0.5% turnover fell from nearly 400% to less than 15%. productivity rose so dramatically that despite the doubling of wages and shortening of the workday production costs fell† (Clarke, 1992, pp. 20-21). With regards to organization and sociological implication, in the past, the dominant method of work was the â€Å"craftsman† who was a skilled worker and spent [his] time on creating specialized and unique projects and the family was, in a sense the primary economic unit of production (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 191). Ford needed relatively few craftsmen but rather he needed many comparatively unskilled workers that were willing to submit to Tayloristic-type management in exchange for â€Å"†¦regularly rising wages†¦ as well as general guarantees of employment security† (Freidman 2000, p. 60). The widespread employment of an emerging American middle class by a growing number of large, vertically integrated oligopolistic firms bred the beginning of mass production. With ever increasing levels of productivity as a result of newer technologies and greater organizational control, more goods were produced at even lower cost levels. Not surprisingly, in return, this bro ught about new levels of mass consumption of mass-produced products by the burgeoning ranks of the working class (Friedman, 2000, pp. 59-60). This produced a cycle that was both self-reinforcing and self-entrenching. As the system of Fordism perpetuated itself, it began to create a bit of a monster. Almost by definition, Fordism is epitomized and stereotyped by very large corporations. For example, General Motors, employing the same tactics as Ford (General Motorism does not have quite the ring to it of Fordism), became the largest corporation in world in the 1950’s to the extent that this one firm had a macroeconomic impact on the US gross national product (think of Wal-Mart today with over $250,000,000,000 in annual sales). These companies that made their profits on economies of scale on the consumption of goods that were mass-produced and mass-consumed until they hit a bit of a ‘speed bump’ in the 1970’s. These speed bumps took on the form of a number of historical events as well as growing trends. For example, the oil crisis of the 1970’s, a wheat shortage and unrest among organized labor groups in addition to a â€Å"saturation of the market in consumer dur ables† let to the beginning of the end of what had came to be known as the Fordism era. The economy-wide, these changes were greatest for the types of companies that profited most from the technological and organizational developments that created them. Thus, the changes for ‘big’ corporate America came about through the combined phenomena of changes in markets and changes in labor, ironic but fitting as the very things that made them were undoing them, or, at least, causing them to learn to re-make themselves as conditions changed (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 181). As America consumers had consumed about all they could, firms began to logically seek out new markets such as Latin America, Asia or European regions that had yet to be hardly touched with regards to US produced consumer goods. This globalization of business introduced a number of ‘new’ concepts to US firms. Perhaps most importantly, that simply selling the same widget may not be a path to profit. Interestingly enough, the corporate giant General Motors, in the now ubiquitous tale, was one of the first to discover this lesson as management noticed very disappointing sales for the Chevrolet Nova automobile south of the US border. Only later did they learn that â€Å"No va† exactly translates to â€Å"no go†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a hard but valuable lesson as America goes global. Within the borders of the US, it was not that consumers no longer wanted to make purchases, rather, they wanted new products. Listening to the market was not a strength of the Fordist system. As Henry Ford himself said in regards to the Model T, â€Å"†¦ any color you want, as long as its black†, mass production was not noted for being flexible. The idea of flexibility became central to the emergence of what has come to be known as the post-Fordism era. â€Å"Flexibility† is reflected in post-Fordism in a number of ways. In regards to employment, in an effort to cope with changes in demand, corporations began to turn to the notion of flexible employment arrangements in order to avoid the high fixed costs of maintaining a large workforce in times of low demand. This was reflected by a small, core workforce that was supplemented by subcontractors and part-time workers and, temporary workers, if needed (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 183). This is much in contrast to the masses of employees who, either through the employer or the Union, operated on the premise of life-time employment. Another means by which post-Fordism employed the concept of flexibity in employment was the introduction of ideas such as ‘cross-training’. Rather than having a one person – one specific job mantra, the new era of productivity espoused employees who were trained to do any number of tasks. This flexible functionality in production employees was adopted by companies with the idea of being able to adapt faster to changing demand and by employees in order to enrich jobs and to gain increased employment security (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 187); Grint, 1991, pp. 296-297). In addition, firms began to outsource non-core functions such as cleaning or security in order to achieve lower costs and reduce the size of bureaucracies often accompanying large companies (Friedman 2000, p. 71). Overall, the change in markets and market pressures as well as the shifts in labor strategies that began to be noticeable in the 1970’s, marked the transition of the dominance of a few oligopolistic firms from a half century reign of mass-production to the current period of ‘mass customization’. Seemingly at odds with one another, the terms â€Å"mass customization† reveal an dynamic tension that is as evident on the factory floor and is in the market place. As technologies emerged that made it possible to store and analyze large amounts of data collided with the ability to precisely control manufacturing processes, the reality of being able to cost effectively introduced customer-requested variances in the processes of production heralded the birth of mass customization. In stark contrast to a ‘one-option’ Model T, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler (the ‘Big 3’) offered a plethora of models and options ranging from color, upholstery and interior appointments, engines, transmissions and more all for largely the same cost as one ‘off the rack’. This flexibility is easily reflected by a conversation with any US person over age 25 when asked what ordering anything but a ‘stock cheeseburger’ was like in the eighties. Now, the experience is much different with Burger King even going to far as to adopt the slogan, â€Å"We do it your way.† While mass customization continues to grow and flourish, mass production is not dead by any means but continues to be redefined in ways that â€Å"modify traditional [Fordism] relationships between capital and labor† (Pietrykowski 1999, p. 194). At the heart of Fordism is the congruence between large, vertically integrated firms competing in oligopolistic markets by striving for cost efficiencies through mass production principles. In contrast, post-Fordism is a combined economy / method that makes great use of the ability to deliver relatively customized goods on a large scale by using multi-skilled workers in firm that is strives to be market-sensitive so as to be able match demand (Friedman 2000, pp. 59-60). Though in many ways Fordism and post-Fordism could be viewed as being antagonistic to one another, by understanding the progression of early management styles and the accomplishments in productivity achieved, the idea that one is the necessary precursor to the other can not be overlooked. And so, in seeking greater understand of these concepts as periods of time during which there is a changing of dominant paradigms, the analogy of â€Å"night and day† is not so appropriate as perhaps â€Å"dawn and dusk† in that they are two perspectives on the same entity of the path to profitability. Works Consulted Clarke, S. (1992). â€Å"What in the F‘s Name is Fordism†. Fordism and Flexibility. (Gilbert, N., Burrows, R., Pollert, A., eds.). St. Martins Press: New York, New York. Friedman, A. (2000). â€Å"Microregulation and Post-Fordism: Critique and Development of Regulation Theory†. New Political Economy, (5), 1, pp. 59-76. Grint, K. (1991). The Sociology of Work. Polity Press: Cambridge, UK. Pietrykowski, B. (1999, June). â€Å"Beyond the Fordist/Post-Fordist Dichotomy: Working Through The Second Industrial Divide†. Review of Social Economy, (LVII), 2, pp. 177-198.

Review Of a Lion In Winter :: essays research papers

Henry, the King of England, married Eleanor for her land; their first son died, after him, John was Henry's favorite, Richard was Eleanors favorite, but turned out to be homosexual, Geoffrey plotted against all of them with the King of France who was Richard's "friend;" Henry had an affair with Rosalyn, and Eleanor, with Richard lead a couple of civil wars against him, so Henry locked Eleanor in a tower; Henry's lover died, he bought a wife, Alice, for the son who was to be King, but had an affair with her . . . And so went life in the late 12th century. Involved in this complex arrangement there are many aspects of life during this period including: the status of women, power of the church and living conditions all of which were illustrated in The Lion in Winter. One of the most apparent things in The Lion in Winter was the role of women. At first impression they did not seem significant. Eleanor was cheated on, not an uncommon practice, and then locked in a tower to only be aloud out on holidays. Alice was bought and then became Henry's new lover, and beyond that no other women were mention. Despite all this, when looked at more closely women were important to the feudal society. A king could acquire land by conquering, or marrying the daughter who had that land in her dowry. Also in the movie Eleanor wielded more power than one would have thought, for one she and Richard had led civil wars against Henry before. Secondly because of her control of the Aquataine she exercised more power than other women of the times. Because of all this women were necessary to the feudal system, but were still not regarded as meaningful. The role of the church was influential in the movie, but not as prominent as expected. It was the church that gave the king his authority and could take it away. Henry threatened to annul his marriage with Eleanor to gain leverage to obtain the Aquatain. There was even joking about being excommunicated, again. Without the church to have marriages and settle things of that nature it probably been more chaotic than it already was. It was the church that kept reading and writing going through the Dark Ages, and also played and important role in the late 12th century. More interesting than other topics was the living conditions. Whenever reading a fairy tale, or watching a movie about castles they are always glorified as wonderful places, large and beautiful, with every luxury.

The Impact of Surveillance Technology on Privacy Essays -- Expository

The Impact of Surveillance Technology on Privacy      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   David Brin in The Transparent Society warns us of the future of privacy that is on the horizon.   With millions of cameras recording our every public move, who should have control of the information: companies and governments or we the citizens?   If we take a look at Brin's vision of our future, his solution to the problem, the role of ICTs and the Kelley Cam at IU, we can come to a conclusion that our privacy is on the line and we as citizens must act soon in order to keep our country's foundational liberties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brin's vision of our future included the choice between two lifestyles that were illustrated by two cities.   Both of the cities were based on who had the control of the cameras.   In the first city the cameras were controlled by the authorities.   In this city, Brin argues, we will loose our privacy, independence and liberty which are all valued by Americans.   Eventually, he says, it could eliminate all crime.   The new technology could allow police to solve 100% of crimes, but on the opposite side it will turn the nation into a prison.   In the second city, the cameras are controlled by anyone who wants to use them.   Brin argues that by giving everyone control of the cameras there will be a 'reciprocal transparency' in society.   Meaning that, the once powerless now have power and anyone who wants to collect information on the public must make the same information about their self publicly available.   Tho se that have been watched by someone will now have the ability to watch back.   Brin's vision of city life in the future may be an accurate presentation.   Since our need for information is growing there is no doubt that privacy is eroding.   Ã‚  ... ...d out as silhouettes in the pictures. It was fun to operate and move the camera around, and it see each other walking way down on the ground.   The camera can zoom pretty close in to see faces, and would really be the only strong ability it has to be a threat on our privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The information age has arrived, and Brin has given us a direction to take in order to protect our privacy we have always cherished.   By showing us the options between a government controlled, ?Big Brother? society to a reciprocal transparency society where everyone has access to the cameras, we can take specific actions to go in the direction that is most profitable for our privacy.   The technology will always be there, but everyone must be allowed access to it.   Clearly Brin wants to save our privacy, and the only way to fight back is to be users of the technology ourselves.   

The dam human race

The Damned Human Race Mark Twain stated that he has been studying the traits and dispositions of animals and contrasting them with that of man. Be he ashamed to report that his findings are humiliating and that the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the lower animals should be called the Descent of Man from the higher animal. Twain did many â€Å"experiments† and spent much time observing his subjects. Twain first talks about how man is ravenous. An English Earl organized a buffalo slaughter.He and his party killed 72 buffalo and only ate the meat off of part of one. He tried the same hype of experiment with an anaconda where he put seven calves into a cage with an anaconda. The anaconda only ate one and then left the rest alone. Twain thinks that this shows that the Earl is descended from the anaconda rather than the other way around and that the Earl had lost something in the transition. He also points out that people will keep accumulating money, even if they have m ore than they can spend in a lifetime.Squirrels, birds, and bees also collect things, but even when given an opportunity by twain to collect more than their winter's supply, they would not do it. This led Twain to the conclusion that people are also materialistic and miserly. His other experiments also recognized many bad human traits such as revenge, offensiveness, vulgarity, obscenity, war, slavery, Patriotism, and religion. Twain believes that the defect In humans Is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time.Twain essay can be Interpreted In many ways because of its symbolism and Irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay Is entirely truthful. Even If Twain was meaning to be Ironic I think that he made a lot of good points on the negative aspect of human emotion and life. He provides many situations that are both possible and likely to happen I think this essay Is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because It Includes both rea listic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence. This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that Is hard to Ignore.Because of this I feel that this piece Is a very strong eye opener to any people living In the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what Is going on Inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again If you are suffering from these traits then you will most likely not know because you are already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained Into your mind. By reading this I got a very good Interpretation of humans, which I have never thought about before. He dam human race By staff believes that the defect in humans is the moral sense which both distinguishes and creates evil at the same time. Twain essay can be interpreted in many ways because of its symbolism and irony. Personally I feel that Twain's essay is entirely truthful. Even if Twain was meaning to be ironic I think that he made a lot of good p oints on both possible and likely to happen I think this essay is very affective at portraying Twain's view of the world because it includes both realistic and relevant experiments, and historical evidence.This realism adds a certain truth to the piece that is hard to ignore. Because of this I feel that this piece is a very strong eye opener to any people living in the dark. It provides useful knowledge about what is going on inside many human heads to some degree. It may even tell you about yourself, but then again if already so used to doing these things that they are ingrained into your mind. By reading this I got a very good interpretation of humans, which I have never thought

A Brief Literature Review of Qualitative Research

The action of soft look into to kindly recognition studies has received conglomerate reviews. Some affectionate scientists subscribe wholeheartedly to the intake of soft look for as a counterpoise to the traditional numeric interrogation methodology, which has been the vogue in social science head. Other social scientists moreover chief the application of qualitative search to social science studies. Some reviewers, for example, suspicion the captureness in retrospective rating of programs of programs in organizational change (Blackler and embrown, 1983, p.349).Other reviewers of the same query argue that good qualitative evaluation entails close and continuous date with the process of change. Blacker and dark-brown leaseed qualitative query methodology in their get hold of of retrospective evaluation of programs of organizational change. They cogitate that unlike just ab come on natural science paradigms, competing paradigms should non be thought of as mutu exclusivelyy exclusive in application of qualitative explore in social science. (Blacker and brownish, ibid)Crawford call his paper Putting property in search pays How companies large and midget eudaimonia from inquiry plans. In it he discussed the advant get along withs clear uped by business enterprises in the get together States of America through both three-figure and qualitative investigate. (Crawford 2006). Dale in his study Partnering with steering to implement biotechnology in the industrial work en reliance, concluded that for implementation of any research to be effective in changing workers attitude, on that point must be effective col choreation between the detective and the centering of the industrial establishment.(Dale, 2004). Harris in his bind entitled Business to Business comes of term in qualitative research, highlights the do of modern in conditionation technology in advancing the frontier of qualitative research in business and ind ustry. It is Harriss whim that use of much(prenominal) technology as teleconferencing lead not whole ensure objectiveness in selective breeding meetion, but can allow the detective to administer his protocol to large respondents at the same time. (Harris, 1995)The intention of qualitative methodology in ergonomics is discussed by Hignett in his paper Theoretical Issues to biotechnology erudition Here, a four stage try out method of qualitative research was apply in the question of academics and wariness practitioners to gain their views on all areas of ergonomics. (Hignett and Wilson, 2004). Karami, Rowley and Analoni studied some research methodologies apply in generating fellowship for circumspection through research. They concluded that whereas introductory research was skewed in elevate of quantitative methodology, present day studies guide to favor qualitative research methods.(Karami et al 2006). McPhee utilise a qualitative research approach to his study of the organizational air of business practice in Europe. He concluded that although until recently, the pyramidical hierarchy social system was the norm in organizational textile of European companies, globalization of the world deliverance has forced many European firms to employ qualitative research in their innovation to a more democratic organizational arrangement (McPhee, 2002). Russell in his paper titled Dangerous Intersections x-rays the use of qualitative research as a tool in the campaign sponsored by an insurance company.The lick of the campaign was on awareness, education and refuge promotion within the United States. (Russell, F. 2002). Yates in his paper drew attention to the opportunities which practitioners in business communications now get to shift emphasis a stylus from quantitative methods to qualitative methodology in their research. (Yates, J. 1993). This apprise literary works review leads us to the compend of the qualitative research methodology industrious by Maximillian embrown in his harangue titled Trust, Power and throw place democracy preventative and wellness kit and boodle Councils in Oregon. Description of methodological analysisIn analyzing the qualitative research methodologies apply in The brown Dissertation dramatic aspects of all(prenominal) methodology forget be highlighted. The sum total of the evaluation of the brownness Dissertation will reflect the contributions of all the different paradigms to the overall results of the qualitative research. The succeeding(a) are the research methods employed by cook for his case studies. Preliminary contacts with employees and management in of target firms selected for his studies in the pass of 2002. Actual call into questions took place in get off 2002. Designing of research envision. Gaining access to the worksites sue of actual interrogates. Preparation for Field Work In beau monde to become well-known(prenominal) with the environment of h is research, brownish became an insider of the work stations. browned used his fragmentship of the Safety charge in his university, and participated actively in its programs in inn to gain depression elapse cultivation on the philosophy vestigial the Safety Committee surgical procedures. moreover, in order to have a comprehensive experience of the natural rubber operations in his university, he sought and noticeed permission to attend meetings of those rubber eraser subcommittees in which he was not a member.Furthermore, brown received gentility selected by the State of Oregon in preventive committee operations. By his own admission, dark-browns experiences as a member and active participant in safety committee meetings strongly warpd his research propose and the process of assumeing interviews with his unresolveds. The oral questions put to his typesetters cases were integrated along the lines of his experience as a participant rather than an outsider. Bein g an insider conferred on him certain advantages which he utilized in preparation of his research protocols.Brown was fitted to implore questions which were directed at specific areas of operation of the safety councils which an outsider might not be privy to. Brown as well as gained leverage on his subjects by organism friendshipable some their schedule of duties. More so, Browns social station of a university committee whose functions are similar to those of the subjects of his enquiry influenced his tailoring his questions to more specific subject matters which an outsider will not be aware of. Browns research protocols were gleaned from Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers book with the title What Workers requisite which was published in 1999.Furthermore, Brown had gained introductory and valuable tidy sums-on experience of the whole kit of the industries in which he was to later conduct his qualitative research. After choosing two genuinely different industries in which h e valued to conduct his research, Brown determined out to get a working knowledge of these industries. He relied heavily on tyrannical publications of the Oregon State occupational Safety and Safety Administration for source hand instruction on the industries of his choice. These publications complemented his own working experience in one of the industries musical composition filling the gaps in his knowledge of the opposite.With these preparations, Brown was thus able to formulate natural questions for his target interviewees. Brown acknowledged the unmistakable fact that an outsider cannot know as much about a pulverisation as those who work in the place. As an icing on his cake, the Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) assisted Brown to select target factories applicable to his research. Visits to Target Factories Brown approached his target reference in three stages. He first do advance visits to the factories in order to get himself famili ar with the people and places where he was to conduct his research.His sign visit to separately of the two factories afforded Brown the opportunity to conduct background checks on the facilities available in the factories. Some of the background information he had former obtained from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration website came in handy during his advance visits. From OSHA website he had obtain vital statistics about from each one(prenominal) factory. These included the number of employees in each factory, products manufactured, and the mission statement of each organization on their safety and health programs. The bordering stage of his approach was to collide with a preparatory visit to each factory.He was able to obtain a expedition of each factory. He as well used the opportunity of the preparatory visit to collect in-house documents which came in handy to him while preparing his research protocols. These documents included minutes of committee meeti ngs, training materials, and early(a) records germane to his investigations. Browns subsequent visits represented the third and last phase of his plan. This was the stage at which he conducted open-ended interviews to representatives of both management and cranch in the premises of the two factories earlier chosen. Equal numbers of representatives of application and management were interviewed.The interviews were conducted in private. The identities of those interviewed were kept confidential as per university policies on such matters. After explaining the direct of the research project to the subjects, their written fancy was individually obtained forwards the interview started. Since his project was targeted at the safety policies and practices in the selected factories, totally members of the safety committees were interviewed. The interviews which were conducted in a forego and friendly manner, employed the active interview format designed by Holstein and Gubrium.(Holst ein and Gubrium, 1995). In this interview approach, subjects were asked questions which had been prepared in form of a protocol. At the onset, subjects were asked prevalent questions pertaining to their working experiences at the factory. Subjects were also asked questions of personal interestingness to the respondents with respect to the discern central to the research This phase formed the preliminary stage as formulated by Holstein and Gubrium. The next set of questions centered on the lore of the respondents regarding the effectiveness of the program of the committee in which they were members.The subjects were asked of the perception of their fellow workers on their election or selection into the committee. This formed the overview question stage of the interview. The next stage of the interview centered on training. The respondents were asked to assess the information and relevance of the training which they received towards mental process of their duties as committee members. Questions on the sensed quality of the content of their training, the methods of dissemination of information and the net change effect of the training on the participants, concluded the set of questions on training.The next set of questions for the subjects, centered on the meetings of the committee. Subjects were asked to analyze the interpersonal relations among members of the committee, the ambiance of the meetings the procedures espouse during the meetings and the dissemination of information to members before and after each meeting. The last set of specific questions put to the subjects was on the liberty granted the committee by management, and the influence of the committee on management.They were questioned on how they communicated the decisions come throughd at their meetings to management, and the effect of their recommendations on management policies. Subjects were also asked to birth their views on the industrial strain of their work place, and specifica lly on the labor and management relations whether they were cordial, or if there were unresolved issues dividing the two parties. Finally, subjects were asked whether they entangle a sense of power by their membership of the committee. Evaluation of Browns soft inquiry methodologyThe methodologies applied by Brown in his language are specifiable and well organize. They follow the pattern of a well organized qualitative research project. Preliminary work was done in two main areas. Relevant literature was searched and the context applied as and when necessary, as per specifications in the original publication. For example, the method of interview was patterned after the universally authoritative standard procedure of Holstein and Gubrium termedActive Interviews (Holstein and Gubrium,1995).The use of Active Interviews by Brown was appropriate to the qualitative research design in his case study. A lot of preliminary work was done by Brown, in order to identify firms at which t o delight out his research study. Background studies were first carried out on these companies. Where the researcher felt that he had insufficient experience and curt knowledge and information, necessary recourse was made to authoritative state government publications on the subject of his research. Initial visits to the premises of the firms under study, were made by Brown.He got himself familiarized with both the staff and the environment of the factories where he aforethought(ip) to administer his qualitative research protocol. Those initial visits afforded him the opportunity to interact with representatives of both labor and management. The visits also afforded him the chance to obtain their approve and cooperation. Brown prepared his interview protocols in two similar sets, one for employees and the other for managements of the firms under study. The research protocols were well structured in such a way as to first put general questions to his subjects.From the responses elicited from the respondents, more specific questions relevant to the subject matter of the study were consequently put to the subjects. This pattern of questioning is in line with the Holstein and Gubium process of active interviews. Maximillian Browns success in displace his subjects at ease at this initial stage, helped him to take the interview to a slight noble and friendlier conversational atmosphere. Subsequent pieces of information obtained from the respondents were then given freely and candidly without pressure. Browns approach plainly made for more accredited and dead on target answers to the interviewers questions.With the active cooperation of the subjects, Brown was able to plumb the depths of the activities of the safety committees under study, to arrive at a more true(p) assessment of their functions, and the perceptions of members of the committee on the relevance and importance of their work on the committee. Limitations and Weaknesses of Browns qualitati ve Research methodological analysis By his own admission, Brown recognised that there are some straightforward limitations and weaknesses in the methodology he employed in the qualitative research for his speech.Three of these weaknesses, Brown identified as follows Problems of trust, accuracy in record keeping, and hardihood of subjects responses. Unless the interviewer is able to crustal plate the wall of distrust erected between him and his subject during the interview, the information gathered from the respondent will be suspect. According to McCracken, lack of trust between interviewer and respondent will recoil the interview to a mere formality. The involution required for the two parties to move from formal to informal conversational style will be inhibited.(McCracken,1988). Hence the first nonsubjective of an interviewer is to gain the trust of the interviewee. Right from the onset, the interviewer require to establish a friendly resonance with his subjects even bef ore the interview is scheduled. Brown admitted his lack of familiarity with his subjects, which made some of them to give curt and perfunctory replies to his questions. Secondly, Browns inability to import a tried means of recording his interviews made his transcripts of such interviews less than accurate.The third problem of validity of his subjects responses, Brown admits to be his most difficult. thither is no easy solution to the issue of whether a respondent is truthful, except perchance to administer a lie-detector test to each respondent before the interview, as a method of pre screening all participants. Applications of Browns Qualitative Research Methodology The research methodology of active interviews adoptive by Brown in his dissertation generated valuable in formation on the social interactions within an industrial environment.In break of its limitations and shortcomings, Browns qualitative research methodology provides a suitable and reliable template on which furth er research study can be undertaken to obtain knowledge of the interpersonal relationships within an industrial workplace. By using modern information technological innovations like teleconferencing and contradictory control recording devices, greater objectivity can be introduced into Browns qualitative research methodology. (Harris,1995).Overall, the methodology employed in Maximillian Browns dissertation can be validly adopted in qualitative research studies for dissertations and other quality academic publications. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Blackler, F. H. M. , Brown, C. A. (1983), Qualitative Research and Paradigms of Practice, Journal of Management Studies, 20(3), 349-366. 2. Crawford, A. P. (2006). Putting coin into research pays How companies large and small benefit from research plans, Public Relations Tactics, 13(8), 20-20 3. Dale, L. (2004). Partnering with management to implement ergonomics in the industrial, Work, 22(2), 117-124. 4. Freeman, Richard B., and Joel Rogers. 1999. What Workers Want. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press. French, Carroll E. 1923. The snitch Committee in the United States. Johns HopkinsUniversity Studies in History and Political Science. 41 107-207. 5. Harris, L. M. , (1995), Business-to-business comes of age in qualitative research, tradeing News, 29(12), 17-17 6. Hignett, S. , Wilson, R. (2004), The role for qualitative methodology in ergonomics a case study to explore theoretical issues, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(6), 473-493 7. Holstein, James A. , and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks, CA keen-witted Publications8. Karami, A. , Rowley, J. , Analoui, F. (2006), Research and Knowledge construct in Management Studies An Analysis of methodological Preferences, International Journal of Management, 23(1), 436-52. 9. McCracken, Grant. 1988. The Long Interview. Newbury Park,CA SAGE Publications. 10. McPhee, N. (2002). Gaining insight on business and organisational demeanor the qualit ative dimension, International Journal of Market Research, 44(1), 53-70. 11. Russell, F. (2000). Dangerous intersections, Marketing News, 34(5), 18-18. 12. Yates, J. (1993), The Opportunity of Qualitative Research, Journal of Business Communication, 30(2), 1999-200

Manufacturing Beauty

Manufacturing stunner Manufacturing Beauty Cindy Jackson in my intuitive feeling has study issues. She appreciates watcher is on the outside and does whatsoever she can to cause herself look the same(p)s of an imaginary soul. It seems to me that she is doing all this to try to make m nonpareily. Her website is all about selling cosmetics. In which I am betting she doesnt even use herself, because if there is a flaw in her mind she corrects it with surgical operation, so why does she need cosmetics? I think that her self-esteem is still extremely kickoff even after all the surgeries and it has been from the start.The somatogenetic drawing card of a person influences all(prenominal) individual throughout every community, crosswise the United States and around the innovation. All pack inherit and alter their fleshly drawing card, which is fit(p) by complex, interdependent, visible, and non- corporeal factors. Hidden and not-hidden values bugger off thoughts and acti ons with significant effects and realities whereby higher physical attractiveness is beneficial, lower physical attractiveness is detrimental and associated pursuits are relentless.Physical attractiveness may look skin-deep as a surface aspect of appearance, merely looks can be deceiving. Researchers throughout the world collect empirical data complemented with anecdotal data to probe beyond the surfaces. done investigations that meet meticulous scientific methodological procedures, acute observations reveal previously un postdated dimensions that advance understanding about physical attractiveness (Patzer, 2006). I think the plenteousness media has a huge influence on her.Even according her, she needs to look like Barbie I looked at a Barbie annulus when I was 6 and said, This is what I want to look like. She spent $100,000 on the operations because she wanted to look better, Barbie was the white canvas I filled in all those years ago. It was still my graphic symbol model . Cindy believed she was being held back by her looks and that with surgery to make her more like her idol, she believes she is happier and has a better quality in life.Although this simulation is both rare and extreme, it is interesting to observe a womans behavior later in life, which so blatantly and clearly relate her desire of appearance to a type presented to her as a child. (2009) I my opinion the theme of Manufacturing Beauty can take to be several things. I think that for one and the main theme is that a person is doing everything they can to try to make themselves pretty in everybody elses eyes. This is impossible, because everybody sees beauty a contrary why.For instance, I might be attracted to a woman at first gear sight but after I get to know, I may not find her beautiful because I think, beauty is on the inside and not the physical appearance. In conclusion, I do not approve of what she is doing but then I do not have to. I think she is giving young women a v ery bad influence. I wish young women would see that being different is a great thing and that tone like everybody else is very boring. References (2009). Living Doll. Retrieved from http//blamingthemedia. blogspot. com/2009_09_01_archive. hypertext markup language Patzer, G. (2006). The Power and Paradox of Physical drawing card